ABSTRACT
The research project studied the
knowledge, attitude and perceptions of people towards COVID-19 vaccination in
Oda, Ilekun and Esure communities in Akure south local government area, Ondo
state. The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is a highly contagious
infection which mainly affect the respiratory system of patients and has
continued to threaten human existence globally, which has led to the
development of vaccines in order to control the rate of infection and death
associated with the disease. Questionnaires and the oral interview were
structured to reveal the knowledge, attitude and perception of COVID-19
w=vaccination within Oda, Ilekun and Esure communities. Descriptive analysis
was used for the research. The analysis was based on 115 questionnaires
retrieved out of 120 questionnaires distributed and 17 oral interviews
conducted. The findings and discussion of this study revealed that though the
people have prior knowledge about the vaccination of COVID-19, the knowledge
gotten was not enough and also, misinformation, fear of side effects and
sociocultural factors influence their knowledge and perceptions from accepting
COVID-19 vaccination. At the end of the research, recommendations were made to
the government, to provide effective strategies to fight against fake news
related to COVID-19, to the health workers, public awareness should be
increased through health education. And to the communities, they should help in
the dissemination of correct information about COVID-19 vaccination among
themselves.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
Title
i
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract
v
Tables
of contents
vi
List
of figure
vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study
3
1.2 Aim of the Study 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study
4-5
1.4 Statement of the Problem 5
1.5 Significance of the Study
5 1.6
Assumptions
5-6
1.7 Definition of Terms
6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
7-10
2.1 Incidence
10-11
2.2 Mode of Transmission
11-12
2.3 Incubation Period of COVID-19
12
2.4 Reservoir of Infection
13
2.5 Risk Factor for COVID-19 Transmission. 13
2.6 Life Cycle
13-16
2.7 Signs and Symptoms of COVID-19 16
2.8 Diagnosis of COVID-19
17-18
2.9 Prevention and Control of COVID-19
18
2.10 Complications of COVID-19
18-20
2.11 Treatment of COVID-19
20-21
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology 22
3.1 Study Design
22
3.2 Description of the Study Area
22-23
3.3 Sampling Size Determination
23
3.4 Sampling Techniques
23
3.5 Method of Data Collection.
23
3.6 Ethical Consideration
23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary
36
5.1 Discussion of Findings
36-39
5.2
Conclusion 39
5.3 Recommendations. 40
5.4 Limitations of the Study
41
Reference
Questionnaire
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: The age
of the respondents
24
Table 4.2: The sex
of the respondents
25
Table
4.3: The religion of the respondents
25
Table
4.4: Respondent's occupation 26
Table
4.5: Marital status of the respondents
26
Table
4.6: Educational background of the respondents 27
Table
4.7: The ethnicity of the respondents 27
Table
4.8: Have you heard about COVID-19 vaccine? 28
Table
4.9: Have you been Vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine? 28
Table
4.10: If yes, after vaccination did you have any allergic reaction? 29
Table
4.11: Common reactions of COVID-19?
29
Table
4.12: Have you encourage other people to
go for their vaccination? 30
Table
4.13: If No, why?
30
Table
4.14: How many times have you been vaccinated? 31
Table
4.15: If once, why?
31
Table 4.16:
COVID-19 is said to spread respiratory via respiratory droplet of an infected
person
32
Table 4.17: Main
clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, shortness of breath and
fatigue 32
Table 4.18:
COVID-19 symptom appears within 2-14 days 33
Table 4.19: Are
you aware of the safety precautions of COVID-19, such as wearing of medical or
face mask, hand washing etc? 33
Table 4.20:
Patients with underlying chronic diseases are more severe to cases and
death
34
Table 4.21:
Isolation and treatment of people who are infected with COVID-19 Virus are
effective ways to reduce the spread of the virus 34
Table
4.22: There is currently no effective care for COVID-19, but early detective
and supportive treatment can help most patient recover from infection? 35
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infection disease caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2 OR SARS CORONAVIRUS 2) that was first
identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China. The incidence of COVID-19
has grown drastically in China and the virus has rapidly spread to more than
200 countries of the World since the late February 2020. On 28 February, 2020,
World Health Organization (WHO) raised the global COVID-19 risk to highest
level. COVID-19 outbreak has become a potential threat to the global public
health. (Minhua, 2020).
COVID-19 primarily
affects the respiratory system with range of symptom from mild rhinorrhea to
severe respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 spread mainly between people who
are in close contact (less than two metres or six feet) through small droplets
produced during coughing sneezing or talking. Infected people exhale the
contaminated droplets which are then inhale into the lungs or settle on other
non-infected people's faces (mucosae) to cause new infection. People who show
mild or non-specific symptoms are most infectious and may be infected up to
3days before symptoms appear i.e pre-symptomatic transmission. People remain
infectious up to 6 to 12days in moderate cases and an average of 13 to 14days
in severe cases. On 1 February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO)
indicated that transmission from asymptomatic cases is likely not a major
driver of transmission. However, an epidemiological model of the beginning of
the outbreak in China suggested that pre-symptomatic shedding may be typical
among documented infections and that subclinical infections may have been the
source of a majority of infections. And, there is some evidence of
human-to-animal transmission of SARS-COV-2. Indirect contact is also another
possible way of infection, it can occur via contaminated surface. Transmission
may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment around the infected
person. (Yadav, et al, 2020)
The symptoms of COVID-19
illness range from very mild (Fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and
shortness of breath) to severe (Pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome
and kidney failure) with a mortality rate around 40%. This virus is generally
more fatal for Elderly person and those suffering from comorbidities like heart
disease, lung disease, and diabetes, they are at higher risk of developing
severe COVID-19 illness. On March 18, 2020 the CDC COVID-19 Response Team
reported that 80% of COVID-19 related deaths were among the elderly aged >65
years. As a response to this serious global public threat, the World Health
Organization (WHO) characterized the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March
11, 2020, since the number of COVID-19 cases outside China had increased by 13
fold and the number of affected countries had increased by 3 fold. (Olaimat, et
al, 2020).
Vaccine are the most
important public health measure and most effective strategy to protect the
population from COVID-19 since SARS-COV-2 is highly contagious virus and affect
populations globally. The competition from COVID-19 vaccine invention and
development against the spread and catastrophic effects of the disease is
ongoing and new, more effective vaccine are likely to be developed as we move
through the pandemic with the distribution of Vaccines under ways, it is very
important to examine commonly acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine. (Islam, et al,
2021).
For all countries, the final aim is the
same: stop transmission and prevent the spread of the virus in order to save
life. (WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic).
1.1. BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Ascertaining vaccine
acceptance and hesitation among the general population and health workers is
crucial to draw policy plans and access available resources to meet COVID-19
and overall health challenge to lessen the acute pandemic burden. (Elhadi, et
al, 2021).
Infectious diseases are a
permanent and inseparable companion of mankind. The most effective method of
preventing many of them is vaccination. Thanks to Worldwide vaccination,
smallpox has been eradicated, poliomyelitis is nearly eliminated, and the incidence
of many other infectious diseases has been significantly Reduce. Currently, the
incidence of many infectious diseases is low, especially in developed
countries, where national immunization programs have existed for many years and
children are routinely vaccinated; thus, there is little fear of these
diseases. However, the number of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children
has recently Increased. In Poland, there were approximately 2500 cases of
vaccination refusal in 2009, and almost 40,000 in 2018. There are many reasons
for vaccine refusal, including psychology reasons (i.e., Fear), philosophical
beliefs (i.e., veganism), or religions background. Parents declare that their
fear of vaccination is caused by the lack of information on vaccine components
and about vaccines in general. Moreover, people who declare that they have too
little (not enough) information about vaccines tend to present a negative
attitude toward vaccination. It is also
said in this study that, the threat of disease during an outbreak may change
attitudes towards vaccination. People who have not been vaccinated previously
(For various reasons) may decide to get vaccines. (Ewa, et al, 2021).
African countries are at
a higher risk of disease spread due to limited health infrastructure and
training, their inability to promptly obtain the vaccine further increased the
risk of disease spread. Not only have many developed countries ordered most of
the vaccine supplies, but vaccine related cost and transfer issues may also
further delay vaccination procedures for African people as far as late 2021 to
early 2022. Waning public confidence in vaccine due to rumors and conspiracy
theories is a major challenge for public health experts and policy makers
Worldwide. Hesitation, spreading rumors and fake news can affect public mentality
and vaccine decision. A known example is the 2003-2004 Nigerian boycott of the
polio vaccine that resulted in a surge of the disease. Therefore, social
endorsement and effort against hesitation regarding the COVID-19 vaccination
are essential, especially in limited resources settings. (Elhadi, et al, 2021).
1.2. AIM
OF THE STUDY
To assess the public
knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination
in three selected communities (Namely: Ilekun community, Oda community, Esure
community) in Akure south Local Government.
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To
determining the extent of knowledge of the public on COVID-19 and it's
vaccination.
2. To
identify the beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination and
their attitudes towards it.
3. Determine the aftermath effect of COVID-19
vaccination on its acceptance among the people.
1.4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
unprecedented global health crisis we are facing (COVID-19) has caught much of
the world off-guard and is affecting all parts of the society and changing
lives and livelihoods, due to the spread of coronavirus that exist directly and
indirectly, in an attempt to reduce the spread and eradicate this deadly
disease in Akure South Local Government and the World at large a massive
response need to be mounted by the Government, World Health Organization (WHO),
and other Organizations involved in the care to enlighten the health workers
and the general populace at large on the prevalence of COVID-19, the preventive
measures and the acceptance of vaccines provided against COVID-19.
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work is relevant in several
ways to communities, personnel, individual and government. The work will expose
misinformation and vaccine hesitancy and improve the community knowledge and
position their attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine among the people of Akure; Also
it will be a proper measure for preventing the deadly disease with the use of
personal protective equipment.
1.6. ASSUMPTIONS
1. It
is commonly assumed that the vaccine is not safe and has a longterm effect on
the health
2. Generally,
people assumed that they can get or be infected with COVID-19 from the vaccine.
1.7. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. COVID-19:
Is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus.
2. SARS-COV-2:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 caused COVID-19.
3. RHINORRHEA:
A common viral infection of the nose and throat caused an excessive discharge
of mucus from the nose.
4. PRE-SYMPTOMATIC:
Refer to infected people who have not yet developed symptoms but go on to
develop symptoms late.
5. ASYMPTOMATIC:
Refer to people who are infected but never develop any symptoms.
6. COMORBIDITY:
Is the presence of one or more additional
condition often co-occuring with a primary condition. Comorbidity describes the
effect of all other conditions and individual patient might have other than
primary condition.
7. FOMITES:
Refer to objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as
clothes, utensils, and furniture.
8. CDC:
Center of Disease Control and Prevention.
9. CATASTROPHIC:
Involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering.
10.PANDEMIC:
Is an outbreak of disease that spread across countries or continents.
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