ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA FROM ORGANIC WASTE

ABSTRACT

The isolation, identification and characterization of bacteria from organic waste were carried out. Sawdust waste (plant organic waste source) and abattoir waste water (animal organic waste source) samples were collected. The media used were nutrient agar for total aerobic plate count, McConkey agar for coliform count and cellulolytic media for cellulolytic count. The pour plate method was employed. Colonial morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests were used for the identification of the bacteria. The total aerobic plate for the sawdust waste ranged from 2.33 x 107 to 8.2 x 106, coliform count ranged from 7.6 x 106to 1.7 x 106Cfu/g and cellulolytic count ranged from 4.7 x 106 to 2.6 x 106Cfu/g while for abattoir waste water, total aerobic plate count, coliform count and cellulolytic count ranged from 1.03 x 107 to 7.1 x 106Cfu/ml, 5.8 x 106 to 1.2 x 106Cfu/ml and 3.7 x 106 to 1.3 x 106Cfu/ml respectively. The bacteria isolated from the sawdust waste sample were Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., klebsiella spp., Micrococcus spp., and Cellulomonas spp. While for the abattoir waste water, samples were Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Vibrio cholera, klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli. The study concludes that microorganisms occur in a large number and variety in organic wastes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification                                                                                                                            i

Dedication                                                                                                                               ii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                   iii

Table of Contents                                                                                                                    iv

List of Tables                                                                                                                           vi

Abstract                                                                                                                                  vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           Introduction                                                                                                                    1  

1.1           Justification of study                                                                                                       2

1.2           General objective of the study                                                                                        3

1.3           Specific objectives of the study                                                                                      3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review                                                                                                            5

2.1       Organic wastes                                                                                                                5

2.2       Sources of organic waste                                                                                                5

2.2.1    Plant source                                                                                                                   5

2.2.2    Animal source                                                                                                                 5

2.3       Forms of organic waste                                                                                                  5

2.3.1    Wet organic waste material                                                                                            6

2.3.2     Dry organic waste material                                                                                            6

2.4       Categories of organic waste                                                                                           6

2.4.1    Urban generated wastes                                                                                                  6

2.4.2    Animal wastes                                                                                                                7

2.5       Abattoir                                                                                                                           8

2.5.1    Activities that occur in abattoirs                                                                                     9

2.5.2   Abattoir waste                                                                                                                10

2.6       Saw dust                                                                                                                        10

2.6.1     Practical uses                                                                                                               11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and Methods                                                                                                 13

3.1    Study area                                                                                                                        13

3.2    Collection of samples                                                                                                      13

3.3    Media used and preparation                                                                                            14

3.4    Enumeration of total heterotrophic bacteria from saw dust                                            14

3.5    Enumeration of total heterotrophic bacteria from abattoir waste water                           15

3.6    Enumeration of cellulolytic bacteria from saw dust                                                        15

3.7    Enumeration of cellulolytic bacteria from abattoir waste water                                   16

3.8    Identification and characterization of bacteria isolates                                                               16

3.8.1  Microscopic examination                                                                                               17

3.8.2  Gram staining                                                                                                                 17

3.8.3  Biochemical reaction tests                                                                                              17

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results                                                                                                                          20

CHAPTER FIVE

5. 0   Discussion and Conclusion                                                                                              26 

5.1    Discussion                                                                                                                        26

5.2    Conclusion                                                                                                                       28

References

LIST OF TABLE

           Table       Title                                                             Page

4.1    Microbial (bacterial) count of saw dust waste sample                                 22

4.2    Microbial  (bacterial) count of abattoir waste samples                               23

4.3     Bacteria isolated from sawdust and their percentage occurrence                         24

4.4    Bacteria isolated from abattoir waste water and their percentage occurrence            25

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           INTRODUCTION

The day to day activities of man generally draw input from the natural resources based in our environment. This may be way of raw materials for industrial production or by direct utilization of the resources from the reserves in turn leads to the generation of various classes of unwanted, useless, damaged or discarded organic materials generally termed as organic wastes.

Organic wastes are waste materials derived from plants or animals. It is also referred to as biomass or bio energy feed stock as the case maybe. Organic or biodegradable waste maybe solid, semisolid and liquid, example includes; Food items, Saw dust from wood milling processes, abattoir water waste etc. (Sabry, 1992). According to ASABE S593.1 standard (ASABE, 2011), organic wastes consist of organic materials that are plant or animal based, including but not limited to dedicated energy crops, agricultural crops and trees, food and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood residues, agricultural waste, bio based segments of industrials and municipal waste, processing by-products and other non-fossil organic materials. Three main categories of organic wastes are primary, secondary and tertiary organic wastes (biomass) (ASABE, 2011). Primary organic wastes is produced directly by photosynthesis and harvested or collected from the field or forest where it is grown. Examples are grains, perennial grasses and wood crops, crop residues from logging and forest operations. Secondary organic wastes consists of residues and by-products streams from food, feed, fiber, wood and materials processing plants (Such as saw dust, black liquor and cheese way), and manures from concentrated animal feeding operations. Tertiary organic wastes sources are post-consumer residues and wastes such as fats, grease oil, construction and demolition wood debris, and other wastes woods from urban environments as well as packaging wastes, municipal solid wastes and land filled gases (ASABE, 2011). Organic waste materials can be separated into two different forms; wet organic waste material; produced mainly by local authority sewage sludge and sludge from water treatment plants. They are generally referred to as sewage. Dry organic waste material; are usually plant based waste materials. It could be residues from wood industries. In terms of the lethal nature of organic wastes, they can be classified as hazardous and non-hazardous organic wastes. Hazardous organic waste is defined as the waste that possess substantial harm to human health or the environment when not properly treated, stored, transported or disposed of or otherwise managed. While non-hazardous organic waste refers to the waste that is converted into economical use either by analysis or treatment (Gilbert, 1998). Abattoir wastes are hazardous waste and is another form of agricultural waste which includes intestinal contents, rumen, scraps of tissues, horns, bones, and fecal matter, fatty and proteinous materials. Saw dust wastes can be termed as nonhazardous waste since it can be re-processed into particle board, burnt in saw dust burner or used to make heat for other milling operation. Various groups of microorganisms interacts in organic wastes consequently leading to their degradation, one of such groups are the bacteria. Bacteria such as; coliforms (facultative anaerobic bacteria), heterotrophic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria etc can be isolated from organic waste. Examples of coliforms include; Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae   etc. Other bacteria that facilitates organic waste degradation and thus can be isolated from such organic includes; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Klebsiella spp, Cellulomonas spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc

1.1           JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

Organic wastes are known to contain small quantities of components which are dangerous or potentially dangerous to the environment. It is not pleasant statistics that a 100 cow dairy herd can produce as much waste as 2,400 people. These cows are scattered around our surroundings. But it is not the only unpleasant fact, in certain types of soil this waste can seep through the ground and reach ground water, polluting it nitrate and bacteria (Ogbonnaya, 2008). Organic waste such as saw dust, may collect in piles and add harmful leachates into water systems and block the ways thereby creating environmental hazard. Water borne bacteria digests organic material in leachates, but use up much of the available oxygen. This high “biological oxygen demand” can suffocate fish and other organisms (Liu et al., 1998). Therefore, the elimination of a wild range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an absolute requirement to promote a sustainable development of our society with low environmental impact. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and they take advantage of the astonishing catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds (Madigan and Markinko, 2008). Bacteria are excellent recyclers, breaking down animal and plant matters into molecules that can be reused by other organism. These organisms produce enzymes that allow them to break up complex compounds into pieces that can enter the cell to be used for growth and reproduction (Willey et al., 2008). Hence, the need for this study.

1.2           GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

·                To isolate, characterize and identify bacteria from organic wastes.

1.3           SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

·                To isolate, characterize and identify bacteria from organic wastes.

·                To isolate, characterize and identify cellulolytic bacteria from saw dust (plant source organic waste).

·                To isolate, characterize and identify cellulolytic bacteria from abattoir waste water (animal source organic waste).

·                To isolate, characterize and identify heterotrophic bacteria from saw dust (plant source organic waste).

·                To isolate, Characterize and identify heterotrophic bacteria from abattoir waste water (animal source organic waste).

·                To isolate, characterize and identify coliforms from abattoir waste water (Animal source organic waste).

·                To isolate, characterize and identify coliforms from saw dust waste (Plant source organic waste).

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