ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT FISH PONDS WASTE WATERS IN UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE.

ABSTRACT

Six bacterial genera were isolated, which include; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp and Serratia marcasens. The total heterotrophic bacterial count showed that D1 had the highest count of 8.2 x 104 cfu/ml while F had the lowest count of 5.7 x 104 cfu/ml. The total coliform count showed that D1 had the highest coliform count of 6.9 x 104 cfu/ml, while CW1 had the lowest count of 4.4 x 104 cfu/ml. The percentage occurrence revealed that Escherichia coli had the highest frequency occurrence of 7 (28%) while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the least frequency occurrence of 1 (4%). The antibiotic sensitivity revealed that all of the organisms are sensitive to some of the antibiotics used, the highest inhibitory activity of 22mm was recorded for Escherichia coli, Serratia marcasens, Proteus sp and Micrococcus luteus on Rifampicin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Rifampicin respectively.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                                        vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                                      1

1.1  Aims and Objectives                                                                                                   3

1.2 Objectives                                                                                                                         3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review                                                                                                             4

2.1 Bacteria associated with Fish Pond                                                                                  8

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Method                                                                                                       16

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                            16

3.2 Media Used                                                                                                                       16

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      17

3.4 Bacterial count                                                                                                                  17

3.5 Bacterial Isolation                                                                                                            17

3.6 Characterization and Identification of the Bacterial Isolates                                           17

3.6.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                                18

3.7 Biochemical Characteristics of the Isolates                                                                      18

3.7.1 Motility Test                                                                                                                  18

3.7.2 Indole Test                                                                                                                     19

3.7.3 Citrate Utilization                                                                                                          19

3.7.4 Sugar Fermentation                                                                                                       19

3.7.5 Oxidase Test                                                                                                                 20

3.7.6 Coagulase Test                                                                                                               20

3.7.7 Urease Test                                                                                                                    20

3.7.8 Methyl Red/ Voges Proskauer Test                                                                               21

3.8 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing                                                                                           21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        22       

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                                          28

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   28

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  29

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        29                    References                                                                                                                  31                                                                                                                   

LIST OF TABLES

Table                      Title                                                                Page

1    Total   Viable Bacterial Counts of pond waste water sample                                          23

2      Cultural Characteristics of Bacterial Isolates                                                             24

3      Identification and Characterization of Isolates                                                           25

4      Percentage Occurrence of the Isolates from Fish Ponds                                            26

5      Antibiogram susceptibility of bacterial isolates from fish pond waste water                     27

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Pond water sources are useful for diversified purposes including aquaculture and other related uses at the domestic level. Ponds are naturally formed by a depression in the ground filling and retaining water. Streams or spring water is usually fed into these bodies. A fish pond is an artificial lake (reservoir, pond) intended for fish breeding. Fishes are the most popular animal cultured in the pond. Fishes are among the edible food sources naturally living in water, consumed by man and containing many nutrients such as protein, minerals, fat, oil, etc. Fish ponds are constructed where fishes are fed and their growth are easily observed and monitored. Fishes that are commonly produced in fish ponds are catfish, tilapia and codfish, to mention a few (Bonde, 2007).

Water is very essential in fish pond, water plays a vital role in the proper functioning of earth ecosystem and also essential for fish and living creatures for metabolism. The temperature of water supplied to a fish pond ranges from 25°C to 35°C as this supports the growth of the microorganisms and fishes found in the pond. There are various sources of water, including well water, borehole water, stream water, river water, etc., that can be supplied to the fish pond. Some

bacteria coliform groups like E. coli, in the ponds are transported from these sources of water or the media of transportation into the ponds. Bacteria has a unique characteristics, they are ubiquitous in every habitation on earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive wastes, water and the live bodies of plants and animals (fredrickson,  et al., 2004).

Waste water contains offensive and potentially dangerous substances which are mostly of anthropogenic origin and causing pollution and contamination of receiving water bodies (Ikpi and Offem, 2011). Fortunately, water can naturally renew and cleanse itself via various physical methods: dilution, sunlight, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, biological degradation (decomposition), predatory activities of microorganisms etc (Hanelore, 2013).  This process of renewal is called selfpurification and large bodies of water is said to possess self-purifying capacity (Bitton, 2005). Contamination of water is a serious environmental problem as it affects

the different uses of the water. The use of indicator bacteria such as faecal coliforms in water quality determination is widely applied. Coliforms and Escherichia coli are of great importance among bacterial indicators used in water quality assessment (Torimiro et al., 2014). One of the prominent uses of surface water such as river, pond, run-off etc is in aquaculture which has contributed immensely to the food sector and reduced the risk of fishes at the brink of extinction due to excessive catch in lakes and oceans (Tidwell and Allan, 2001). More than one fourth of all animal protein consumed by man is aquatic in origin (FAO, 2000).

Aquaculture has been practiced in many Asian countries for centuries, but is a new form of agriculture in many African and Latin American countries. It is defined as the cultivation of animals and plants in aquatic environments. Aquaculturists manipulate certain components of the

environment to achieve greater control on production of aquatic organisms (Purdom, 1996).

In Nigeria, the rearing of fish is helping in the provision of food and its usefulness cannot be over-emphasized as the demand for fish is expanding rapidly throughout the world (Ugwuba and Chukwuji, 2010). There is an intricate relationship between the fish, their biotic and abiotic

environments and changes in one component may reflect and affect the other (Wurt, 2000).

 Pond water or water used in intensive fish rearing contain many microorganisms which could be pathogenic or opportunistic pathogen to fish, human, and planktons (Zmyslowska et al., 2003). These contaminating microorganisms have been attributed to questionable water quality which can be traced to the water sources and high stocking densities (Okpokwasili and Akujobi, 1996). Water sources for earthen ponds are usually untreated surface water runoffs from streams, rivers, lakes, stored waters while underground water source is being utilized for most concrete ponds.

Water from underground sources such as a well is pumped and stored in storage tank which is used to refill the ponds when the water is to be changed at intervals of about 3-5 days. The feed used for fish in these ponds contain organic materials and introduces a wide variety of microorganisms into the ponds.

1.1  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

The aim is to determine the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from fish ponds water  in Umuahia.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To isolate microorganisms from different fish pond waste water in Umuahia.

2. To identify and characterize the isolated  microorganisms from different fish pond waste water in Umuahia.

3. To determine the antimicrobial profile of the isolated organisms from different fish pond waste water in Umuahia.

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