ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM STUDENTS USED TOWELS

ABSTRACT

This study determined the antibiogram of bacteria species isolated from used towels, amongst students of MOUAU, of which Four (4) categories of fairly used towels samples (hand towel, face towel, paper towel, and body towel) were procured from students within Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. This major bacteria species isolated include; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Proteus species respectively. From the findings in this study it was observed that Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant and highest occurred isolates in the used towel samples at 9(47.3%), followed by Escherichia coli 6(31.5%), Salmonella species 3(15.7%) and Proteus species 1(5.2%), while among the used towel samples investigated for bacterial contaminants, Hand and Face Towel had the highest number of bacterial isolates at 6(31.5%) each. From the present study, the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistant patterns of bacterial isolates from the sample cultures revealed that Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest (26mm) degree of sensitive to the antibiotics drug Ciprofloxacin (10mcg) and Streptomycin (30mcg) respectively, while Streptococcus spp showed high multiple drug resistance to antibiotics used. The antibiogram of the bacteria species from the used towel showed that Ciprofloxacin (CPX) 10mcg, Streptomycin (S) 30mcg and Levofloxacin (LEX) 20mcg exhibited higher percentage of sensitivity against the isolates at 94.7%, 73.6% and 84.2% respectively. The presence of these organisms indicates poor personal hygiene. Besides this, multidrug resistant bacteria that can be easily spread during food preparation, via used hand towels are a serious threat to human health. Therefore, public education or awareness should be employed in order to educate people/students on the effect of poor hygiene and its consequences.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          ix

List of Figure                                                                                                                          x

Abstract                                                                                                                                  xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    3

CHAPTER TWO

2.1       Literature Review                                                                                                       4

2.2       Kitchen Towels                                                                                                           4

2.2.1    Towels Available in the Market                                                                                 5

2.2.2    Contamination of Kitchen Towels                                                                             6

2.2.3    Emanation of Diseases from Kitchen Towels                                                            7

2.2.4    Diseases Emanating by Bacteria                                                                                10

2.3       Textiles as a Carrier of Microorganism                                                                      10

2.4       Antibacterial Actions                                                                                                  11

2.4.1    Importance of Antibacterial Actions                                                                          12

2.4.2    Antibacterial Actions on Textile Materials                                                                13

2.5       Killing Mechanism of Bacteria on Fabrics                                                                 13

2.5.1    Leaching type Antimicrobial Agents                                                                         14

2.5.2    Bound Type Antimicrobial Agents                                                                            14

2.6       Types of Antibacterial Agents                                                                                    15

2.6.1    Natural Antimicrobial Agents                                                                                    15

2.6.2    Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents                                                                                 16

2.7       Importance of Antimicrobial Actions for Fabrics                                                      17

2.8       Antibiotics Resistance Mechanisms                                                                           18

2.8.1    Resistance Based on Altered Receptors for a Drug                                                    18

2.8.2    Decreased Entry of Antibiotics                                                                                  19

2.8.3    Synthesis of Resistance or Alternative Pathway                                                        20

2.9       Susceptibility of Textiles to Microorganisms                                                            21

2.9.1    Different types of Fibres that have Different Susceptibilities to Microorganisms          21

2.10     General Effect of Microbes on Textiles Materials                                                     22

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                               24

3.1       Sample Collection                                                                                                      24

3.2       Sterilization of Media and Materials                                                                          24

3.2.1    Preparation of Culture Media                                                                                     24

3.2.1.1 Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)                                                                                         25

3.2.1.2 Nutrient Agar (NA)                                                                                                    25

3.2.1.3 MacConkey Agar (MA)                                                                                              25

3.3.1.4 Salmonella and shiegella Agar (SSA)                                                                        25

3.4       Isolation of Bacteria from Used Towels                                                                     26

3.4.1    Bacteriological Analysis                                                                                             26

3.5       Characterization of Bacterial Isolates                                                                        26

3.5.1    Gram Staining                                                                                                             26

3.6       Biochemical Test                                                                                                        27

3.6.1    Catalase Test                                                                                                               27

3.6.2    Indole Test                                                                                                                  27

3.6.3    Citrate Utilization Test                                                                                               27

3.6.4    Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) Production Test                                                                27

3.6.5    Motility Test                                                                                                               28

3.6.6    Voges-Proskauer Test                                                                                                 28

3.6.7    Urease Test                                                                                                                 28

3.6.8    Methyl Red Test                                                                                                         28

3.6.9    Sugar Fermentation                                                                                                    29

3.6.10  Coagulase Test                                                                                                           29

3.6.11  Oxidase Test                                                                                                               29

3.7       Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing                                                                                     29

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        31

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations                                                        42

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   42

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  46

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      46

            References

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURE

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

            Textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread). Towel is produced by spinning  raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, textiles, or other materials to produce long strands. Towels are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The related words fabric and cloth are often used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile (Lazarov et al., 2004). However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. A fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods (garments, etc.). Cloth and towels may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric that has been processed (Cordoba et al., 2013).

            Increasing global competition in textile has created many challenges for textile researchers and industrialists. The rapid growth in home textiles and their end uses has generated many opportunities for the application of innovative actions. Hygiene has acquired importance in recent years, consumer looking for solution to bacterial problem and contamination and unique benefits provided by antibacterial finish. The towels are used for the various applications, they used for the purpose of cleaning, ornamentation, wiping, and presentation. The kitchen towel contamination takes place by accumulation of bacteria, fungi and other parasites.

            Towels have the potential, just as any other hand contact site, to be a component in the chain of infection transmission during normal daily activities (Malnick et al., 2008). All forms of skin infections can be caused by wearing contaminated second hand cloths. Bloomfield et al., (2011) showed that towels have the capacity to retain bacteria, fungi and viruses for varied lengths of time. The need for regular monitoring of fairly used cloths is supported by data generated from previous studies. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci have been isolated from materials commonly worn by patients and health care workers (Neely and Maley, 2000). Similarly, Pilonetto et al., (2004), detected Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumani, Candida sp, Aspergillus sp, Mucor sp. and Fusarium sp from fabrics which were associated with nosocomial infections. Agbulu et al., (2015) also demonstrated the presence of some bacteria and fungi of medical importance from fairly used textile materials.

            Disinfection has been shown to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes in fairly used fabrics. Some conscientious buyers often wash these wears with detergents and water while others wear them directly as new cloths. The potential for spread of pathogens to clothing from infected sources (people, foods, domestic animals) is relatively high as reviewed by Bloomfield et al., (2011). It is estimated that around 106 skin squames containing viable organisms are shed daily from normal skin (Wilkoff et al., 2006). Studies of microbial survival in towels have indicated that the more absorbent a cloth towel, the longer the microorganisms can survive, as was previously reported in the case of Staphylococcus aureus (Olier and Mitchell, 2009). Several studies have found that Staphylococcus aureus can survive for 19-21 days in cotton fabrics (Neely and Maley, 2000). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains capable of causing serious life-threatening infections have been isolated from reused cloth hospital towels (Takei et al., 2010).

            The lack of clinical microbiology laboratories to identify the specific etiologic agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing has increased empirical therapy which in turn leads to emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Moreover, self-antibiotic prescription, lack of access to local antibiogram data and poor awareness of prescriber about Antimicrobial Resistance were the leading local factors for Antimicrobial Resistance development in Ethiopia (Abera et al., 2014). Studies have showed that besides the temporal changes in profile of infecting microorganisms and pattern of resistance over time, antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria varies among population because of difference in geography, local antimicrobial prescribing practices and prevalence of resistant bacterial strains (Tadesse et al., 2014). Such differences are never stable and may change rapidly especially in places where misuse of antibiotics are common particularly in developing countries. A systematic review in Ethiopia has also indicated a trend towards an increasing resistance rates among pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus to commonly prescribed antibiotics, including ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Moges et al., 2014). Therefore this study tends to determine the antibiogram of bacteria species isolated from used towel.

1.1       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

To determine the antibiogram of bacteria species isolated from used towels, amongst students of MOUAU, while the specific objectives are;

·       To isolated and identify bacteria species associated with used towel.

·       To determine the percentage occurrence of various isolates from the used towel.

·       To determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacteria isolates from the used towels.

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.