ABSTRACT
The isolation and identification of bacteria from waste dump soil was conducted by analysing samples of soil at different dumpsites along roads leading to different colleges and places within Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Bacterial analyses of soil samples using serial dilutions of the soil samples was carried out. Biochemical test was carried out to identify the particular types of bacteria isolated. The mean total bacteria count ranged from 3.4 x 105 (CFU)/g to 9.7 x 105(CFU)/g of soil. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., Shigellasp., Pseudomonas sp. and Klebsiellasp. The mean pH values ranged from 7.08 to 8.70, the mean moisture contents ranged from 8.2% to 17.5%, while the mean temperature values ranged 280C to 300C. The study revealed 7 genera of bacteria, 5 genera of which portend fecal contamination. It was inferred from this study that bacterial load poses a great risk not only to waste scavengers but also to the society thereby constituting some public health hazards. Aerobic bacteria are usually more likely contaminants of soil than anaerobic bacteria, this is especially considering the fact that the environment is aerobic. The study recommended that regular safe quality assessment of dump soil is essential considering the possible socio-economic and health implications of contaminated dumpsites.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table of Contents
v
List of Tables
viii
Abstract
ix
CHAPTER
ONE – INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Aim and
Objectives 5
CHAPTER
TWO - LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1. Soil Description and Classification 7
2.2. Waste Management 7
2.3. Waste Handling Practices 8
2.3.1. Curb-side
Collection 8
2.3.2. Incineration 8
2.3.3. Landfill 8
2.4. Causes of Improper Waste Disposal
9
2.5. Panacea to Waste Management 9
CHAPTER
THREE - MATERIALS AND METHODS 11
3.1. Study Area 11
3.2. Sample Collection 11
3.3. Isolation and Enumeration of Bacterial Isolates 11
3.4. Characterization and Identification of Bacterial
Isolates 12
3.4.1. Gram staining and Microscopy 12
3.5. Biochemical Test 13
3.5.1. Indole Test 13
3.5.2. Catalase Test 13
3.5.3. Citrate Utilization Test 13
3.5.4. Coagulase Test 14
3.5.5. Oxidase Test 14
3.6.
Physicochemical Analysis 14
3.6.1. Determination of pH 14
3.6.2.
Additional Tests 15
CHAPTER FOUR - RESULTS 16
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Discussion 20
5.2. Conclusion
21
5.3. Recommendation 21
REFERENCES 23
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Mean of bacteria count of different dump soil
samples 17
2
Biochemical properties and
cultural characteristics of bacterial isolates 18
3 Physicochemical
characteristics of the dump soil samples
19
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Dumpsites are places were wastes are
dumped. Most waste are dumped openly on the ground floor. The ground floor is
made up mostly of soil.
The term soil refers to the outer loose material of
the earth crust. It may be regarded as a three phase’s system composes of
solids, liquids and gases, disposed to form a heterogeneous matrix (Cilinskins et al., 2013). On the whole the soil is composed of five
major components, those include; Mineral matter, water, organic matter, Air and
living organisms. The various component of the soil environment constantly
changed and the quality of these constituents are not the same in all soil but
vary with locality (Poole and Penny, 2011). Living portion of the soil body
includes small animals and microorganisms but it is generally considered thatmicroorganisms
plays the most important role in the release of nutrient and carbondioxide for
plant growth. The bacteria are the most abundant group usually more numerous
than the four combined. Soil bacteria can be rod (bacilli), Cocci (Spherical)
and Spirilla (Spirals) of these, bacillus are more numerous than the others.
They are one of the major groups of soil bacteria population and are very
widely distributed (Brooks et al.,
2014). The number and type of bacteria present in a particular soil would be
greatly influenced by geographical location such as; soil temperature, soil
type, soil pH, organic matter content, cultivation, aeration and moisture
content (Denamur and Matic, 2014).
Wastes are revealed to be one source of pathogens to
soil because most dumpsites do not have leachate collection system. About 5.3
million people die each year from waste related diseases. Waste is any
substance for which no direct use is envisaged but which is transported for
reprocessing, dumping and incineration. Industrialization, social development
and population pressure are generating a lot of solid waste products, making
pollution a serious health challenge. (Elizabeth et al., 2013).Waste are generated from hospital, residential,
commercial, company, market, industry, etc and the waste are dumped in approved
and non-approved site. During waste collection and disposal most waste workers
in developing countries hardly use protective devices. This unproductive
condition may take them vulnerable to serious health problems (Schmidt, 2006).
Bacteria pathogens may develop in wastes undergoing decomposition in soils that
suffer from environmental pollution as a result of indiscriminate disposal of
pollutants. These bacterial pathogens, when increased in population, pose great
risk to human health (Onweremaduet al.,
2011). Soil transmitted pathogens play an important role to the emergence of
community acquired infections, contributing to the burden of communicable
diseases morbidity and mortality. The bacterial pathogens in the soil and
wastes are not considered as public health concern (Santamaria and Toranzes,
2010). Little information is available on the types of microorganisms
associated with and isolated in waste dumpsite soil consequently; comprehensive
assessments on pathogenic organisms must be established to build local
knowledge about public health issues and trends in dumpsites.
Soil contains varieties of
microorganisms including bacteria that can be established in any natural
environment. Bacteria are the most important and abundant microorganism which
is present in surrounding environment. These are very small, unicellular,
primitive and non chlorophyll containing microorganism. Dilution method is one
of the most important method to isolate the soil bacterium which allows the list
of living cells in the soil (Benson, 2012). An enzymatic activity of one
bacterium differs from another bacterium. Biochemical test is used to differentiate
among the other bacteria (Harley and Prescott, 2010).
An important factor influencing the productivity of
our planet’s various ecosystems is the nature of their soil. Soils are vital
for the existence of many forms of life that have evolved on our planet. For
example, soils provide vascular plants with a medium for growth and supply
these organisms with most of their nutritional requirements. Soil itself is
very complex. It would be very wrong to think of soils as just a collection of
fine mineral particles. Soil also contains air, water dead organic matter, and
various types of living organisms (Euzeby, 2011). The formation of a soil is
influenced by organism, climate, topography, parent material, and time. A mass
of mineral particles alone do not constitute a true soil. True soils are
influenced, modified, and supplemented by living organisms. Plants and animals
aid in the development of a soil through the addition of organic matter. Fungi
and bacteria decompose this organic matter into a semi-soluble chemical
substance known as humus. When water moves downward into the soil, it causes
both mechanical and chemical translocations of material. The complete chemical
removal of substances from the soil profile is known as leaching (Khupe, 2014).
Leached substances often end up in the ground water zone and then travel by
groundwater flow into water bodies like rivers, lakes and oceans. Eluviations
refers to the movement of fine mineral particles (like clay) or dissolved
substances out of an upper layer in a soil profile. When plants die, they
return the nutrients they initially absorbed from the soil, back to the soil,
and enrich the soil. In this way soil plays a very important role in the
recycling of nutrients (Sabry, 2015). Soil contain different types of
microorganisms, including Bacteria. Soil environment differ from one location
to another and from season to season. Therefore factor such as moisture, pH,
temperature, organic and inorganic content and oxygen content affect the
microbial flora of soil sample.
Waste also refers to substances or
objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed off or are
required to be disposed off by the provisions of national law(Ballows and
Herman, 2010). The daily activities of humans give rise to a large variety of
wastes and when these waste materials are disposed off, microorganisms of
different types such as bacteria, fungi colonize the waste and begin to degrade
them (Wachukwuet al., 2010). As a
result, they break down the unprocessed or organic components of waste into
inorganic forms, which can readily serve as sources of nutrients for a variety
of other organisms. Although other methods of waste disposal such as engineered
landfill and compositing are available, open dumping continues to be the
prevalent method available in Nigeria, particularly in major cities like
Umuahia and Aba, even though these are strongly discouraged in the National
sanitation policy (Aneja, 2013). The improper disposal of these waste
constitute serious health problems such as transmission of infectious diseases
to humans and animals living within the vicinity (Lorentz et al., 2000), as they pollute the air, soil land fresh water
bodies. Again, in developing countries, the incinerators are not properly sited
and lack proper emission control facilities which are important in limiting
exposure of humans to air pollution produced as a result of incineration of
solid waste. The most serious threat with landfills is that they are associated
with leachates generated within the waste which subsequently infiltrate into
unconfined aquifers below or adjacent to disposal sites.
During the activities of scavengers (individuals
who make a living by foraging the waste for survival), they are exposed to various
infectious agents (Cooket al., 2013)
as well as to various toxic substances which may cause sickness. They are also
exposed to potentially pathogenic bio-aerosols that may lead to the spread of
various diseases. Research conducted by Donlan and Costerton, (2012) revealed
that exposures to bio-aerosols in both the occupational and residential indoor
environment could have adverse effects with major public health impact,
including contagious infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies and
cancer. Another effect is that these scavengers are exposed to inhalation of
infected dust, skin contact with infected materials, bites from disease
transmitting insects and animals, and occasionally accidental burns or injuries
from various kinds of accident. It is therefore imperative that the health
concerns associated with waste dumps are addressed bringing to bare the
microbial load burden on the dumps (Kassenga and Mbuligwe, 2010).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY
1. To
know the different types of bacteria associated with a waste dumpsite.
2. To
determine the various sources of pathogens to soil.
3. To
determine the different methods of waste disposal.
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