ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA FROM THE SURFACES OF ATMS WITHIN THE CAMPUS OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMIDIKE, ABIA STATE.

ABSTRACT

Isolation and identification of bacteria from the surfaces of ATMs within the campus  of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike were carried out. A total of 17 ATMs of the following banks, Ecobank (8), Sterling bank (3), First bank (2), Access bank (2), Union bank (1), and Zenith bank (1) situated at different strategic locations within the campus of the University (MOUAU), were swabbed and analysed for the presence of bacteria. The total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC)  were; Ecobank 9.8 x 103, Access Bank 8. 3 x 103, Sterling  Bank 6.8 x 103, First Bank 8.5 x 103, Union Bank 8.0 x 103, Zenith bank 5.9 x 103. Ecobank showed the highest THBC and Zenith Bank showed the lowest THBC. The bacteria isolated and their percentage occurrence were; Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%), Streptococcus spp (11.8%), Bacillus spp (18.3%), Micrococcus spp (17.5%), Escherichia coli (12.9%), Klebsiella spp (11.8%), and Enterobacter spp (5.4%). Staphylococcus aureus has the highest percentage occurrence. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics was carried out and some isolates were resistant to some commonly used antibiotics which include chloramphenicol, ampiclox, septrine and ampicillin.  The results showed that the surfaces of ATMs were contaminated with bacteria of public health importance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

List of Tables                                                                                                                          vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                              

1.1 Background studies                                                                                                          2

1.2 Aim                                                                                                                                   2

1.3 Objectives                                                                                                                         2

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                 

2.1 Bacteria contaminants associated with ATMs                                                                 10

2.1.1 Escherichia coli                                                                                                             10

2.1.2 Klebsiella species                                                                                                          11

2.1.3 Staphylococcus aureus                                                                                                  11

2.1.4 streptococcus species                                                                                                    12

2.1.5 Bacillus subtilis                                                                                                             12

2.1.6 Enterobacter species                                                                                                     13

2.1.7 Micrococcus species                                                                                                      13

2.2  Effectiveness of hand hygiene in reducing the risk of infection                                     14

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIAL AND METHODS                                                                                

3.1 Study Area                                                                                                                        16

3.2 Collection of Samples                                                                                                      16

3.3 Preparation of Culture media                                                                                           16

3.4 Bacteria inoculation and isolation                                                                                    17

3.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing                                                                                      17

3.6 Characterization and identification of organisms                                                             17

3.7 Gram stain                                                                                                                        18

3.8 Biochemical Test                                                                                                              18

3.8.1 Catalase Test                                                                                                                  18

3.8.2 Coagulase Test                                                                                                              18

3.8.3 Citrate utilization Test                                                                                                   19

3.8.4 Urease test                                                                                                                     19

3.8.5 Motility Test                                                                                                                  19

3.8.6 Triple sugar ion Test                                                                                                      19

3.8.7 Methyl red test                                                                                                               20

3.8.8 Antibiotic susceptibility testing                                                 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                                                    

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION,   CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION         

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                                        25

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                                        27

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                        28       

Appendix  1                                                                                                                       

Appendix  2

REFERENCES                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

LIST OF TABLES

Table           Title                                                                            Page

1                      Mean count of bacteria isolates                                                          22       

2                      Bacteria isolates and their percentage occurrence                             23

3                      Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolates                                      24

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Scientific research has shown that commonly used surfaces such as computers, telephones, handsets, desk and ATM machines are potential sources of infectious bacteria and viruses leading to the spread of colds, fluid sickness and diarrhoea (Reynolds,  et al., 2005).

The Automated Teller Machine or Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) is a computerized telecommunications device that enables the clients of a financial.

l institution to perform financial transactions without the need for a cashier, human clerk or Bank teller,  ATMs are known by various other names including ATM machine, Automated Banking Machine, Cash Dispenser and various regional variants derived from trademarks on ATM systems held by particular banks (Rasiah, 2010). A typical usage of the ATM machine involves slotting a card into a recipient hole and following on screen instructions, by punching the keys of the metallic keypads to enter secret codes and commands, thus instructing the machine as a kind of service one requires (Sharma and Anand, 2002). The ATM machine is likely to be contaminated with various microorganisms due to their vest dermal contact by multiple users.

Human beings have a marked tendency to pick up microorganisms from environmental objects and the hand has been shown to play a role in the transmission of organisms. Colonization of objects by pathogenic organisms has been reported as a potential vehicle for their transmission (Neely and Maley, 2000).

Furthermore, microorganisms found to contaminate fomites have also been shown to persist on environmental surfaces for varying periods of time ranging from hours to mouths (French et al., 2004).

Hence cross infection of microorganisms between environmental surfaces and a host has equally been established (Hardy et al., 2006).

Salmonella Species and Escherichia coli have also been shown to be transferred from the hands to raw processed and cooked foods, even at low levels on the fingers (Rusin et al., 2002).

(Kissiedy, 2002) also showed that snacks eaten with the fingers can easily be cross contaminated by bacteria from the hands after handling dirty currency notes. It has also been shown that, microbes once attached to hands and some surfaces may survive for a while and may be difficult to remove (Hood and Zottola, 1997).

Just very few works have been reported on bacterial contamination of ATMs machines in banks. Hence, this present study is designed to evaluate bacteria that can be found on the surface of ATM machines of different banks; Ecobank, First bank, Access bank, Microfinance bank, Zenith bank located within the campus of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia state.

1.1    Background Studies

Keypads of ATMs are contaminated with bacteria pathogens of faecal origin, and skin origin. These bacteria pathogen can be introduced into the mouth, nose, ear, skin and eyes by self inoculation leading to acute and chronic infections, but can also be a media through which they can be transmitted from one user of the ATMs to another.

1.2 Aim

To evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the keypads of the ATMs.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

Ø  To determine the various types of bacteria that can be found on the keypads of the ATMs.

Ø  To characterize the isolates and equally determine their resistance and susceptibility to antibiotics.

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