ABSTRACT
Isolation and identification of bacteria from the surfaces of ATMs within the campus of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike were carried out. A total of 17 ATMs of the following banks, Ecobank (8), Sterling bank (3), First bank (2), Access bank (2), Union bank (1), and Zenith bank (1) situated at different strategic locations within the campus of the University (MOUAU), were swabbed and analysed for the presence of bacteria. The total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC) were; Ecobank 9.8 x 103, Access Bank 8. 3 x 103, Sterling Bank 6.8 x 103, First Bank 8.5 x 103, Union Bank 8.0 x 103, Zenith bank 5.9 x 103. Ecobank showed the highest THBC and Zenith Bank showed the lowest THBC. The bacteria isolated and their percentage occurrence were; Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%), Streptococcus spp (11.8%), Bacillus spp (18.3%), Micrococcus spp (17.5%), Escherichia coli (12.9%), Klebsiella spp (11.8%), and Enterobacter spp (5.4%). Staphylococcus aureus has the highest percentage occurrence. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics was carried out and some isolates were resistant to some commonly used antibiotics which include chloramphenicol, ampiclox, septrine and ampicillin. The results showed that the surfaces of ATMs were contaminated with bacteria of public health importance.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background studies 2
1.2 Aim 2
1.3 Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Bacteria contaminants
associated with ATMs 10
2.1.1 Escherichia coli 10
2.1.2 Klebsiella species 11
2.1.3 Staphylococcus aureus 11
2.1.4 streptococcus species 12
2.1.5 Bacillus subtilis 12
2.1.6 Enterobacter species 13
2.1.7 Micrococcus species 13
2.2 Effectiveness of hand hygiene in reducing the
risk of infection 14
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIAL
AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area 16
3.2 Collection of Samples 16
3.3 Preparation of
Culture media 16
3.4 Bacteria inoculation
and isolation 17
3.5 Antibiotic
Susceptibility Testing 17
3.6 Characterization and
identification of organisms 17
3.7 Gram stain 18
3.8 Biochemical Test 18
3.8.1 Catalase Test 18
3.8.2 Coagulase Test 18
3.8.3 Citrate utilization
Test 19
3.8.4 Urease test 19
3.8.5 Motility Test 19
3.8.6 Triple sugar ion
Test 19
3.8.7 Methyl red test 20
3.8.8 Antibiotic
susceptibility testing
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 27
5.3 Recommendation
28
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Mean
count of bacteria isolates 22
2 Bacteria
isolates and their percentage occurrence 23
3
Antibiotic susceptibility
of bacteria isolates 24
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Scientific
research has shown that commonly used surfaces such as computers, telephones,
handsets, desk and ATM machines are potential sources of infectious bacteria
and viruses leading to the spread of colds, fluid sickness and diarrhoea
(Reynolds, et al., 2005).
The
Automated Teller Machine or Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) is a computerized
telecommunications device that enables the clients of a financial.
l
institution to perform financial transactions without the need for a cashier,
human clerk or Bank teller, ATMs are
known by various other names including ATM machine, Automated Banking Machine, Cash
Dispenser and various regional variants derived from trademarks on ATM systems
held by particular banks (Rasiah, 2010). A typical usage of the ATM machine
involves slotting a card into a recipient hole and following on screen
instructions, by punching the keys of the metallic keypads to enter secret
codes and commands, thus instructing the machine as a kind of service one
requires (Sharma and Anand, 2002). The ATM machine is likely to be contaminated
with various microorganisms due to their vest dermal contact by multiple users.
Human
beings have a marked tendency to pick up microorganisms from environmental
objects and the hand has been shown to play a role in the transmission of
organisms. Colonization of objects by pathogenic organisms has been reported as
a potential vehicle for their transmission (Neely and Maley, 2000).
Furthermore,
microorganisms found to contaminate fomites have also been shown to persist on
environmental surfaces for varying periods of time ranging from hours to mouths
(French et al., 2004).
Hence
cross infection of microorganisms between environmental surfaces and a host has
equally been established (Hardy et al.,
2006).
Salmonella Species and Escherichia coli have also been shown to be transferred from the
hands to raw processed and cooked foods, even at low levels on the fingers
(Rusin et al., 2002).
(Kissiedy,
2002) also showed that snacks eaten with the fingers can easily be cross
contaminated by bacteria from the hands after handling dirty currency notes. It
has also been shown that, microbes once attached to hands and some surfaces may
survive for a while and may be difficult to remove (Hood and Zottola, 1997).
Just
very few works have been reported on bacterial contamination of ATMs machines
in banks. Hence, this present study is designed to evaluate bacteria that can
be found on the surface of ATM machines of different banks; Ecobank, First
bank, Access bank, Microfinance bank, Zenith bank located within the campus of
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia state.
1.1
Background
Studies
Keypads
of ATMs are contaminated with bacteria pathogens of faecal origin, and skin
origin. These bacteria pathogen can be introduced into the mouth, nose, ear,
skin and eyes by self inoculation leading to acute and chronic infections, but
can also be a media through which they can be transmitted from one user of the
ATMs to another.
1.2 Aim
To
evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the keypads of the ATMs.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
Ø To
determine the various types of bacteria that can be found on the keypads of the
ATMs.
Ø To
characterize the isolates and equally determine their resistance and
susceptibility to antibiotics.
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