ABSTRACT
The isolation, identification and characterization of bacteria from organic waste were carried out. Sawdust waste (plant organic waste source) and abattoir waste water (animal organic waste source) samples were collected. The media used were nutrient agar for total aerobic plate count, McConkey agar for coliform count and cellulolytic media for cellulolytic count. The pour plate method was employed. Colonial morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests were used for the identification of the bacteria. The total aerobic plate for the sawdust waste ranged from 2.33 x 107 to 8.2 x 106, coliform count ranged from 7.6 x 106to 1.7 x 106Cfu/g and cellulolytic count ranged from 4.7 x 106 to 2.6 x 106Cfu/g while for abattoir waste water, total aerobic plate count, coliform count and cellulolytic count ranged from 1.03 x 107 to 7.1 x 106Cfu/ml, 5.8 x 106 to 1.2 x 106Cfu/ml and 3.7 x 106 to 1.3 x 106Cfu/ml respectively. The bacteria isolated from the sawdust waste sample were Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., klebsiella spp., Micrococcus spp., and Cellulomonas spp. While for the abattoir waste water, samples were Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Vibrio cholera, klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli. The study concludes that microorganisms occur in a large number and variety in organic wastes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table
of Contents iv
List
of Tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Justification of study 2
1.2
General objective of the
study 3
1.3
Specific objectives of
the study 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
review 5
2.1 Organic wastes 5
2.2 Sources
of organic waste 5
2.2.1
Plant source 5
2.2.2 Animal source 5
2.3 Forms
of organic waste 5
2.3.1 Wet organic waste material 6
2.3.2 Dry organic waste material 6
2.4 Categories
of organic waste 6
2.4.1 Urban generated wastes 6
2.4.2 Animal wastes 7
2.5 Abattoir 8
2.5.1 Activities that occur in abattoirs 9
2.5.2 Abattoir waste 10
2.6 Saw
dust 10
2.6.1 Practical uses 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials
and Methods 13
3.1 Study area
13
3.2 Collection of samples 13
3.3 Media used and preparation 14
3.4 Enumeration of total heterotrophic bacteria
from saw dust 14
3.5 Enumeration of total heterotrophic bacteria
from abattoir waste water 15
3.6 Enumeration of cellulolytic bacteria from
saw dust 15
3.7 Enumeration of cellulolytic bacteria from abattoir
waste water 16
3.8
Identification and characterization of
bacteria isolates 16
3.8.1
Microscopic examination 17
3.8.2
Gram staining 17
3.8.3
Biochemical reaction tests 17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
20
CHAPTER FIVE
5.
0 Discussion and Conclusion 26
5.1
Discussion 26
5.2 Conclusion
28
References
LIST OF TABLE
Table Title Page
4.1 Microbial (bacterial) count of saw dust waste
sample 22
4.2 Microbial
(bacterial) count of abattoir waste samples 23
4.3 Bacteria isolated from sawdust and their
percentage occurrence 24
4.4 Bacteria isolated from abattoir waste water
and their percentage occurrence 25
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The day to day activities
of man generally draw input from the natural resources based in our
environment. This may be way of raw materials for industrial production or by
direct utilization of the resources from the reserves in turn leads to the
generation of various classes of unwanted, useless, damaged or discarded
organic materials generally termed as organic wastes.
Organic wastes are waste
materials derived from plants or animals. It is also referred to as biomass or
bio energy feed stock as the case maybe. Organic or biodegradable waste maybe
solid, semisolid and liquid, example includes; Food items, Saw dust from wood
milling processes, abattoir water waste etc. (Sabry, 1992). According to ASABE
S593.1 standard (ASABE, 2011), organic wastes consist of organic materials that
are plant or animal based, including but not limited to dedicated energy crops,
agricultural crops and trees, food and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants,
forestry and wood residues, agricultural waste, bio based segments of
industrials and municipal waste, processing by-products and other non-fossil
organic materials. Three main categories of organic wastes are primary,
secondary and tertiary organic wastes (biomass) (ASABE, 2011). Primary organic
wastes is produced directly by photosynthesis and harvested or collected from
the field or forest where it is grown. Examples are grains, perennial grasses
and wood crops, crop residues from logging and forest operations. Secondary
organic wastes consists of residues and by-products streams from food, feed,
fiber, wood and materials processing plants (Such as saw dust, black liquor and
cheese way), and manures from concentrated animal feeding operations. Tertiary
organic wastes sources are post-consumer residues and wastes such as fats,
grease oil, construction and demolition wood debris, and other wastes woods
from urban environments as well as packaging wastes, municipal solid wastes and
land filled gases (ASABE, 2011). Organic waste materials can be separated into
two different forms; wet organic waste material; produced mainly by local
authority sewage sludge and sludge from water treatment plants. They are
generally referred to as sewage. Dry organic waste material; are usually plant
based waste materials. It could be residues from wood industries. In terms of
the lethal nature of organic wastes, they can be classified as hazardous and
non-hazardous organic wastes. Hazardous organic waste is defined as the waste
that possess substantial harm to human health or the environment when not
properly treated, stored, transported or disposed of or otherwise managed.
While non-hazardous organic waste refers to the waste that is converted into
economical use either by analysis or treatment (Gilbert, 1998). Abattoir wastes
are hazardous waste and is another form of agricultural waste which includes
intestinal contents, rumen, scraps of tissues, horns, bones, and fecal matter,
fatty and proteinous materials. Saw dust wastes can be termed as nonhazardous
waste since it can be re-processed into particle board, burnt in saw dust
burner or used to make heat for other milling operation. Various groups of
microorganisms interacts in organic wastes consequently leading to their
degradation, one of such groups are the bacteria. Bacteria such as; coliforms
(facultative anaerobic bacteria), heterotrophic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria
etc can be isolated from organic waste. Examples of coliforms include; Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae etc. Other bacteria that facilitates
organic waste degradation and thus can be isolated from such organic includes; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Klebsiella spp, Cellulomonas spp, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa etc
1.1
JUSTIFICATION
OF STUDY
Organic wastes are known
to contain small quantities of components which are dangerous or potentially
dangerous to the environment. It is not pleasant statistics that a 100 cow
dairy herd can produce as much waste as 2,400 people. These cows are scattered
around our surroundings. But it is not the only unpleasant fact, in certain
types of soil this waste can seep through the ground and reach ground water,
polluting it nitrate and bacteria (Ogbonnaya, 2008). Organic waste such as saw
dust, may collect in piles and add harmful leachates into water systems and
block the ways thereby creating environmental hazard. Water borne bacteria
digests organic material in leachates, but use up much of the available oxygen.
This high “biological oxygen demand” can suffocate fish and other organisms
(Liu et al., 1998). Therefore, the
elimination of a wild range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an
absolute requirement to promote a sustainable development of our society with
low environmental impact. Biological processes play a major role in the removal
of contaminants and they take advantage of the astonishing catabolic
versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds (Madigan and
Markinko, 2008). Bacteria are excellent recyclers, breaking down animal and
plant matters into molecules that can be reused by other organism. These
organisms produce enzymes that allow them to break up complex compounds into
pieces that can enter the cell to be used for growth and reproduction (Willey et al., 2008). Hence, the need for this
study.
1.2
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify bacteria from organic wastes.
1.3
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify bacteria from organic wastes.
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify cellulolytic bacteria from saw dust (plant source organic waste).
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify cellulolytic bacteria from abattoir waste water (animal source
organic waste).
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify heterotrophic bacteria from saw dust (plant source organic waste).
·
To isolate, Characterize
and identify heterotrophic bacteria from abattoir waste water (animal source
organic waste).
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify coliforms from abattoir waste water (Animal source organic waste).
·
To isolate, characterize
and identify coliforms from saw dust waste (Plant source organic waste).
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