ABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus disease
2019(covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 was first
discovered in Wuhan animal market Hubei Province, China in December 2019.This
study aimed to determine the non-compliance of covid-19 vaccination in Gwaram
local government. The structure questionnaire was determine the sample
population of people are residing in Gwaram local government Jigawa state. The
questionnaire comprised sections on the demographic characteristics of the
respondents (independent variable). All the demographic variables had
significant association with the respondents’ intent to accept covid-19 vaccine
when provided. Acceptance was higher among female respondents within the age
group of 21-30 years. Also, acceptance was higher among married respondents who
had and who obtained had secondary school as their highest level of education.
Findings of this research revealed that almost all the participants are with
lower educational qualification (primary certificates). The percentage covered
of non-compliance in covid-19 vaccine was observed among different subgroups
based on the educational level in the Gwaram local government more than half of
the studies reported acceptance rate below 94.1% and this covid-19 negatively
impact efforts to control the current covid-19 pandemic.
Keywords:-COVID-19, Vaccination, Vaccines,
Coronavirus, Hesitancy
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Title Page
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………..i
Approval page ......................................................................................................................ii
Declaration
..........................................................................................................................iii
Dedication............................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................v
Abstract...............................................................................................................................vi
Table of
content..........................................................................................................vii-viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
................................................................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the
study...........................................................................................1-2
1.2 Justification of the
research.....................................................................................2-3
1.3 Statement of the research
problem..........................................................................3
1.4 Significance of the
study.........................................................................................3
1.5 Scope and
Limitation...............................................................................................3
1.6 Aim and
Objective.....................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Covid-19
vaccination..................................................................................................-6
2.2 Covid-19 vaccine Hesitancy in
Nigeria.................................................................6-7
2.3 Covid-19 Vaccine
Barriers....................................................................................7-8
2.4 Factors Influencing Vaccine
Acceptance...........................................................8-9
2.5 Psychological Factors of Vaccine
Hesitance.......................................................9
2.6 Social and cultural influences of Vaccine
Hesitancy.......................................10
2.7 Covid-19 vaccination
coverage.........................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Study Area........................................................................................................11
3.2 Study design and sampling
techniques.........................................................11
3.3 Sample size
estimation...................................................................................12
3.4 Method of data
collection……………………………………………....................................12
3.5 Data
Analysis.......................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Result........................................................................................................................13-17
4.2
Discussion..............................................................................................................17-18
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion......................................................................................................................19
5.2 Recommendation...........................................................................................................19
5.3
References………..........................................................................................................20-23
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1Back
ground of the study
COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is a
highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (WHO, 2022). It was first identified in
Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019 and has since spread globally,
resulting in a pandemic (WHO,2021). The virus is primarily transmitted through
respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or
breathes, making close contact with an infected individual a significant risk
factor for transmission. It can also spread by touching surfaces or objects
contaminated with the virus and then touching the face, particularly the mouth,
nose, or eyes (Altmann et al., 2020).
The symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild to severe and may include fever,
cough, difficulty breathing, fatigue, body aches, sore throat, and loss of
taste or smell. In severe cases, the disease can lead to pneumonia, acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ failure, and even death, especially
among older adults and those with underlying health conditions. To control the
spread of COVID-19, various preventive measures have been implemented
worldwide, including social distancing, wearing face masks, frequent hand
washing, and travel restrictions. Testing and contact tracing have also played
crucial roles in identifying and isolating infected individuals. In addition,
the development and distribution of vaccines have been instrumental in reducing
the severity and impact of the disease (Khubchandani et al., 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching
consequences on public health, economies, and societies around the world. It
has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths, overwhelmed healthcare
systems, disrupted global supply chains, caused widespread job losses, and
posed mental health challenges for many individuals.
Efforts are ongoing globally to combat the spread of
COVID-19 through widespread vaccination campaigns, continued testing and
surveillance, and the development of effective treatments. The situation
surrounding the pandemic continues to evolve, and it is crucial to stay informed
and follow recommended guidelines from health authorities to protect oneself
and other (Altmann et al., 2020).
1.2
JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH
Covid-19 vaccination has been a critical milestone in
combatting the global pandemic (WHO, 2019).With emergence of the novel
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid spread, governments and health
organizations worldwide have prioritized the development and deployment of
effective vaccines to prevent infection, reduce severe illness, and ultimately,
control the transmission of the virus.(MacDonald NE 2015) COVID-19 vaccination
efforts have followed an unprecedented pace, with vaccine candidates being
developed, tested, and authorized for emergency use in record time.(Reno et'al
2021)Various vaccines, have shown high efficacy rates in clinical trials,
providing hope for ending the devastating impact of the pandemic (Harapan et
al., 2022). The introduction of COVID-19
vaccination has not been without challenges. Those challenges are mistrust in
vaccines due to historical events, concerns about the safety and efficacy of
novel vaccines, misinformation, and cultural or religious beliefs. To ensure
the successful implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programs, it is essential
to address these challenges and promote vaccine acceptance and uptake. This
requires effective communication strategies, accessibility of vaccines to all
segments of the population, and targeted efforts to address vaccine hesitancy
and dispel misinformation (Iliyasu et al.,
2021). This research is aim to determine the non-compliance of COVID-19
vaccination in Gwaram Local Government Jigawa State. This study will provide
baseline data on the percentage cover of vaccination in the area under study.
Equally it may improve the vaccination rates.
1.3
STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The statement problem regarding the non-compliance of
COVID-19 vaccination among people residing in Gwaram Local Government is a
Factors contributing to this problem include widespread vaccine hesitancy,
fueled by distrust of the government and healthcare system, concerns about
vaccine safety and efficacy, the influence of misinformation and conspiracy
theories, religious beliefs, and cultural practices. Insufficient and
ineffective awareness campaigns coupled with a lack of access to accurate
information exacerbate the issue, particularly in rural areas and underserved
communities.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research is to assess the
non-compliance of covid-19 vaccination in Gwaram Local Government, it is
essential to conduct targeted research and engage with the local community, and
implement strategies to promote vaccine education, address concerns, and
enhance vaccine access. This can help mitigate the spread of COVID-19, protect
vulnerable populations, and contribute to the overall health and well-being of
the residents in Gwaram Local Government. This study can contribute to
improving vaccination rates and promoting public health in the local government
area.
1.5
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study focused on empirical time series analysis
covering from 2019 to 2022
1.6
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
AIM
The aim of the research is to determine the
non-compliance of covid-19 vaccination in Gwaram Local Government.
Therefore the objective of this study were:-
OBJECTIVES
1. To
assess the percentage cover of vaccination in the study area
2. To
determine whether non-compliance of covid-19 vaccine depends on educational
level
3. To
determine the predisposing factors responsible for non-compliance of the
vaccine in the area
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