ABSTRACT
The
novel coronavirus disease 2019(covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
coronavirus 2 was first discovered in wuhan animal market Hubei Province,China
in December 2019(worldometer 2022).This study aimed to determine the
non-compliance of covid-19 vaccination in Gwaram local government. The research
developed the questionnaire in several stages. The structure questionnaire was
determine the sample population of people are residing in Gwaram local
government Jigawa state. The questionnaire comprised sections on the
demographic characteristics of the respondents (independent variable). All the
demographic variables had significant association with the respondents’ intent
to accept covid-19 vaccine when provided. Acceptance was higher among female
respondents within the age group of 21-30 years. Also, acceptance was higher
among married respondents who had and who obtained had secondary school as
their highest level of education. Findings of this research revealed that
almost all the participants are with lower educational qualification (primary
certificates). The percentage covered of non-compliance in covid-19 vaccine was
observed among different subgroups based on the educational level in the Gwaram
local government more than half of the studies reported acceptance rate below
94.1% and this covid-19 negatively impact efforts to control the current
covid-19 pandemic.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
Page
Title
Page…………………………………………………………………………………….. i
Declaration
..............................................................................................................................
ii
Approval page.........................................................................................................................
iii
Dedication................................................................................................................................
iv
Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................
v
Abstract....................................................................................................................................
vi
Table of
content......................................................................................................................
vii
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
......................................................................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the
study....................................................................................................
1
1.2 Justification of the research...............................................................................................
2
1.3 Statement of the research
problem.....................................................................................
3
1.4 Significance of the study....................................................................................................
3
1.5 Scope and
Limitation..........................................................................................................
3
1.6 Aim and Objective..............................................................................................................
4
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Covid-19
vaccination...........................................................................................................
5
2.2 Covid-19 vaccine Hesitancy in
Nigeria...............................................................................
6
2.3 Covid-19 Vaccine
Barriers...................................................................................................
6
2.4 Factors Influencing Vaccine
Acceptance.............................................................................
7
2.5 Psychological Factors of Vaccine
Hesitance........................................................................
8
2.6 Social and cultural influences
of Vaccine Hesitancy...........................................................
9
2.7 Covid-19 vaccination
coverage...........................................................................................
10
CHAPTER
THREE
MATERIALS
AND METHOD
3.1 Study
Area...........................................................................................................................
11
3.2 Study design and sampling
techniques................................................................................
11
3.3 Sample size
estimation.........................................................................................................
12
3.4 Method of data
collection……………………………………………................................. 12
3.5 Data
Analysis........................................................................................................................
12
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Result....................................................................................................................................
13
4.2
Discussion.............................................................................................................................
16
CHAPTER
FIVE
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................
18
5.2 Recommendation................................................................................................................
18
References..........................................................................................................................
19
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1Back ground of the study
COVID-19, also known as coronavirus
disease 2019, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (world Health
organization 2022). It was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in
December 2019 and has since spread globally, resulting in a pandemic(world
Health organization,2021). The virus is primarily transmitted through
respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or
breathes, making close contact with an infected individual a significant risk
factor for transmission. It can also spread by touching surfaces or objects
contaminated with the virus and then touching the face, particularly the mouth,
nose, or eyes(Altmann et'al 2020). The symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild
to severe and may include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, fatigue, body
aches, sore throat, and loss of taste or smell. In severe cases, the disease
can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ failure,
and even death, especially among older adults and those with underlying health
conditions. To control the spread of COVID-19, various preventive measures have
been implemented worldwide, including social distancing, wearing face masks,
frequent hand washing, and travel restrictions. Testing and contact tracing
have also played crucial roles in identifying and isolating infected
individuals. In addition, the development and distribution of vaccines have
been instrumental in reducing the severity and impact of the disease
(Khubchandani et'al 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching
consequences on public health, economies, and societies around the world. It
has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths, overwhelmed healthcare
systems, disrupted global supply chains, caused widespread job losses, and
posed mental health challenges for many individuals.
Efforts are ongoing globally to
combat the spread of COVID-19 through widespread vaccination campaigns,
continued testing and surveillance, and the development of effective
treatments. The situation surrounding the pandemic continues to evolve, and it
is crucial to stay informed and follow recommended guidelines from health
authorities to protect oneself and other (Altmann et'al 2020).
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH
Covid-19 vaccination has been a
critical milestone in combatting the global pandemic (world health organization
2019).With emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid
spread, governments and health organizations worldwide have prioritized the
development and deployment of effective vaccines to prevent infection, reduce
severe illness, and ultimately, control the transmission of the
virus.(MacDonald NE 2015) COVID-19 vaccination efforts have followed an
unprecedented pace, with vaccine candidates being developed, tested, and
authorized for emergency use in record time.(Reno et'al 2021)Various vaccines,
have shown high efficacy rates in clinical trials, providing hope for ending
the devastating impact of the pandemic (Harapan et'al 2022). The introduction
of COVID-19 vaccination has not been without challenges. Those challenges are
mistrust in vaccines due to historical events, concerns about the safety and
efficacy of novel vaccines, misinformation, and cultural or religious beliefs.
To ensure the successful implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programs, it is
essential to address these challenges and promote vaccine acceptance and
uptake. This requires effective communication strategies, accessibility of
vaccines to all segments of the population, and targeted efforts to address
vaccine hesitancy and dispel misinformation (Iliyasu et'al 2021). This research
is aim to determine the non-compliance of COVID-19 vaccination in Gwaram Local
Government Jigawa State. This study will provide baseline data on the
percentage cover of vaccination in the area under study. Equally it may improve
the vaccination rates.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The statement problem regarding the
non-compliance of COVID-19 vaccination among people residing in Gwaram Local
Government is a Factors contributing to this problem include widespread vaccine
hesitancy, fueled by distrust of the government and healthcare system, concerns
about vaccine safety and efficacy, the influence of misinformation and
conspiracy theories, religious beliefs, and cultural practices. Insufficient
and ineffective awareness campaigns coupled with a lack of access to accurate
information exacerbate the issue, particularly in rural areas and underserved
communities.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research is
to assess the non-compliance of covid-19 vaccination in Gwaram Local
Government, it is essential to conduct targeted research and engage with the
local community, and implement strategies to promote vaccine education, address
concerns, and enhance vaccine access. This can help mitigate the spread of
COVID-19, protect vulnerable populations, and contribute to the overall health
and well-being of the residents in Gwaram Local Government. This study can
contribute to improving vaccination rates and promoting public health in the
local government area.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study focused on empirical time
series analysis covering from 2019 to 2022.
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