CAUSE AND EFFECT OF HIGH RATE OF DIVORCE AMONG HAUSA SOCIETY (A CASE STUDY OF DUTSE MUNICIPAL)

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

It has been observed by the researcher in his area of study that the word divorce is highly pronounced as the name implied "Divorce” means separation of matrimonial obligation between husband and wife as a result of clash in of interest that they can no longer be together as a husband and wife. On the other hand, divorce is the reverse meaning of marriage. This means divorce is the dissolution or separation of marriage contract between husband and wife.

A1-Talaq Divorce in Shari'ah At-Talaq literary means "To set free" an Arab may say Tallaqtu ibliy, meaning I have set my animals free. In shari'ah, the word divorce means "The Legal method through which marriage contract Come to an end". In Islam the aim of marriage is to establish a healthy family unit the marriage is meant to be permanent. But if a conflict or misunderstandings occur between the spous and all the possible ways to solve it fails, then divorce could be allowed. This means that in Islam divorce is allowed only on certain exceptional cases. But it is not allowed just for small matters, and Allah does not like a rampant divorce. The Raul (S.A.W) explained that Allah hate divorce, and even the Throne (Al-arch) of Allah Shakes if a person pronounces divorce. He said in a hadith.

"All of the lawful thing, divorced is the most hated by Allah in shari'ah. Divorced is the exclusive right of the husband (not his parent or the wife's) so the Qur'an explained the steps that a husband should take as to solve a problem that occur with his wife. The first step to be taken is that he should admonish her (to obey Allah or to obey the husband) if there is no change then he should abstain from her but within the house, then if this also fails then he can inflict a slight beating. And if all these f ails and there is a fear of a breaking between them, then to arbitrators should be the appointed one from his family and the other from hers. The arbitrators should look into the case and find a solution to it. But if they found that divorce is the only solution and they resolve that, then the husband has to divorce, but should only give a single divorce.

On the lawfulness of divorce or its position, the Muslim jurist had classified that Talaq could be Wajib mandub (Allowed) Munkar or Haram.

Wajib Talaq: Can be compulsory in the case of Talaq ordered by the two arbitrators whom appointed to look into their case.

Mandub Talaq: Could be allowed when there is need for that, and if a harm is anticipated and there is less hope of reconciliation.

Makruh Talaq: Is disapproved, when it is not essential to divorce and no harm is anticipated or where there is still hope of reconciliation.

Haram Talaq: Is Haram or unlawful when given during the days of her monthly periods.

When the need arises for divorce, the divorce could be given by the husband either verbally or in writing. But in either case the word used must be clear and plain to mean a divorce. it should not be ambiguous. If it is ambiguous, then the interpretation of husband should be sought. E.g go back to the member of your family. E.t.c and for a divorce their should be at least two witnesses to witness it.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The central theme behind this study is to find out the causes and effect of High Rate of Divorce in Hausa Society" The effect following are some of the effect.

Lack of understanding and loves among the couple (i.e husband and wife) Inability of the couple to perform the functions expected of the husband and wife e.g (sexual duty). Economic problems on the side of the husband e.g to provide the basic needs of the family such as shelter and clothing e.t.c. Inability of the couple (i.e husband and wife) to face the challenges in marriage e.g quarrelling, economic instability, care for children, alcohol sin, and other social challenges in life. Interference of third person in the husband and wife's relationship, Lack of mutual respect and cooperation among the couple, Impatience or lack of tolerance between the husband and wife to be able to accommodate each other’s weaknesses e.t.c

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim and objectives of this result is to know what relation to the cause of divorce and it effect and which types of recommendation in order to return high rate of divorce in Hausa Society in Dutse Municipal and find out a possible solution to the problem to examine and to enable the problem and the study practices aspect of the problem of the research and lastly my aim is department of social welfare in the country. On the other hand recommendation that may produce rampant divorce in Hausa society in Dutse Municipal.

       i.            All the previously mentioned causes of divorce should be tackled or solved and avoided in order to live in peace among families.

     ii.            Marriage proceedings or contract should be done with the approval of both families of the couple.

  iii.            The husband and wife must love, appreciate each other.

  iv.            The couple must understand and trust each other. There should be shared values, beliefs and interest between the husband and wife.

     v.            The couple must be able to manage economically stable in order to cater for social and economic life challenges in marriage.

  vi.            The husband and wife must be faithful to each other.

1.3 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

When the research is successful or completed it will: Help the couple in designing a suitable time tor the reduce high rate of divorce, Provide a guideline for addressing some of the problems encountered by couple, It will proved a basis for further research about the high rate of divorce among the Hausa Society will this time about this within Hausa Society problem of high rate of divorce. Through given a good advice between the couple.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis to be considered in this research is the following;

ü In the areas, there are many problems in broken home due to their economic problems.

ü It is observed that due to lack of employment, some jo1n in prostitution because there is nothing to do.

ü It is observed that due to lack of inadequate acquired knowledge about marriage among the couple in Hausa society.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were posted by the researchers him to enable him collected valid data.

1.     Are the couple husband and wife adequately supervised or advised them about the issue of stay adequately, properly.

2.     Is there any allowance given to the couple or husband and wife to finance their basic needs.

3.     Do the cooperating members of the family, cooperate with the couple in Hausa society.

4.     Do the couples encounter any problem in communicating with their other family among the Hausa society.

5.     Do the couple or husband and wife encountered any problem in obtaining and the use of marriage materials.

1.6SCOPE AND LIMITATION

It is assumed that all the subjects have undergo reasonable period of research to enable them conduct effective divorce in Hausa society. Also the same syllabus is used to impact knowledge to the couple or husband and wife during their marriage time. They (the subject) also have equal asses to all the family and equipment that facilitate effective marriage in Hausa society. It is also assumed that the couple taught by the trained of members of their families during marriage encounter. Meanwhile like in every aspect of life, nothing can be achieved without confront some problems.

1.7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AREA OF STUDY

Legend of the people speak of an early epoch of a great hunter called (Duna-Magu) a Kanuri man who first discovered Dutse nicknamed (Gadawur) as a rich hunting ground for gazelles (Gada in Hausa). The settlement of Garu which traditions claim pre-dated the arrival of Bagauda to Kano in the dying years of the 1st millennium. The earliest written reference to Dutse is reported in the famous Kano chronicle which mentioned its defeat by Sarkin Kano (Abdullahi Burja C. 1438=1452), who was said to have followed up the defeat with the marriage of a daughter of the Sarkin Dutse alongside the daughters of his Galadima. The earliest written reports indicated that by the opening years of 18th century, Dutse had grown into a very big town comprising of about seventy wards within its walled vicinity. The wall, which was built around the rock clusters, enclosing (Jambo stream) within the central area, hand twelve city gates (Kofofin Gari) named after the nearest wards:

Twelve city gates

(1) Kofar Maranjuwa (2) Kofar Burtilan (3) Kofar Yina (4) Kofar Kukiya (5) Kofar Bukka (6) Kofar Galamawa (7) Kofar Ma’ai (8) Kofar Tago (9) Kofar Kachi (10) Kofar Gadadin (11) Kofar Galadimawa (12) Kofar Rariya

BRIEF HISTORY OF DUTSE RULERS C.1732-2000 ADA, THE GREAT C. 1732-1735

The years between 1732-1735 in Dutse’s annals were dominated by a powerful figure of Fulani descent called Ada who came to the area as a military envoy of Sarkin Kano Kumbari, sent on a mission in 1732 to put a stop to the slave raiding forays of Sarkin Dutse (Makuri) in to Kano area. However, no sooner had Ada defeated Sarkin Dutse (Makuri) events took an unexpected twist as he not only usurped the ruler-ship of Dutse but also asserted his independence and further proceeded with re-organization of a strong military force to rival Kano. Little wonder within two years he not only annexed territories from Aujara, Birnin-Kudu, Kiyawa, and Ringim; but also repulsed several expeditions mounted against him by his erstwhile boss. The period of Ada marked Dutse’s pinnacle of zenith and glory. It is said of Ada that by c. 1735 all Kano warriors were reluctant to answer further Kumbari’s call for expedition against him. This development left Kumabri at the mercy of some 99 Kano princes who only on exacting a heavy concession agreed to come to his aid. The princes set out on their mission to capture Ada, by dressing eunuch impressively in royal regalia as to deceitfully appear as Sarkin Kano kumbari. In the course of the encounter that ensured, Ada who mistakenly went in pursuit of Sarkin Kano (Kumbari) found himself facing a decoy surrounded by the prices. Even at that point Ada rather than surrender opted to fight to his last breath. The gallant combat fighter he was, Ada only gave up the ghost after killing four of the Princes namely:-Dan Buram, Dan Lawan, Dan Maje and Dan Isa. Interestingly however, this victory was not followed up with a march into the walled town with a view to seizing its control for as Kano chronicle reports the ruler of Kano was prevailed upon by his advisers not to dare make the attempt but to return home immediately.

(Tsohon Mutum) an erstwhile army commander and great strategist under Sarkin Dutse (Makuri) filled the vacuum left by Ada’s death. The most remarkable achievement of which Dutse tradition best remember him was the building of (Ganuwar Garu) additional wall surrounding Garu palace town with its only one gate (Kofar Garu). This wall, which still visible in many areas around the town was built with a mixture of special mortar and lumps of stones, making the town of Garu in-axcessable to invaders except through the only one highly fortified gate. The additional wall around the hilltop create a castle like fortification within an already walled town. Sarkin Dutse (Tsohon Mutum) Retired on the admonishment of his Queen named Yar-Gyatuma after 60 years on the throne C1737-1797 and was followed in succession by his two sons Natata C1797-1799 and Gwajabo C1797-1806. Sarkin Dutse Gwajabo was over thrown by (Salihi and Musa) the Jihadist Revolutionaries who captured Dutse in 1806.

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