STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS CASES

This is a research work titled Analysis of diabetes mellitus cases reported to Dutse General Hospital. The variables of interest are Sex and Age. The secondary data obtained from the medical record of GENERAL HOSPITAL DUTSE, for period of nine (9) years (2011-2019).The aim of the research work is to find out whether a diabetes disease depends on sex and age of individual. Using Time Series; Seasonal Index and chi-square goodness of fit test, it is seen that, diabetes mellitus cases depends on individual Sex, and Age. According to the result, the Chi-square value for age-group 24.6108 and the level of significant was 0.05 having 6 degree of freedom, which is highly significant because of the value. Moreover, it showed that diabetes cases are not independent of gender and age, which is it depends on the gender and age of an individual that lead to rejection of null hypothesis. This rejection of null hypothesis indicates that further test or investigation have to be done to investigate the kind of food we eat in rural and urban areas. The frequency table was also used to know the percentage of male and female; the percentage of male was 60.8 and female was 39.2 which show that male has the highest number of cases with 2,380 and female with 1,532 respectively. We can also see that it affect the gender and age. The diabetes mellitus cases increase and also recommended.

Title Page

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Hyperglycemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled blood sugar and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s system, especially the nerves and blood vessels. There is an emerging global epidemic of diabetes. This can be attributed to the rapid increases in obesity and physical inactivity. Total deaths from diabetes are projected to rise by more than 50% in the next 10 years. The major part of this numerical increase in developing countries (World Health Organization, 2014)

In the past few decades, significant changes have occurred in the pattern of health and diseases in many developing countries including Nigeria. As malnutrition and communicable diseases come under control with resultant increase in life expectancy and as we get progressively urbanized and industrialized, chronic, non-communicable diseases have become the public health problem. Among the non- communicable diseases is Diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that affects humankind all over the world. It is a genetic disease of metabolism in which there is a partial or total lack of functioning insulin. Thus, the body systems fall under endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a condition in which the blood sugar level is too high. Normal blood sugar basically range between 70mg/dl and 110mg/dl (mg/dl means milligrams of glucose in 100 milliliters of blood).Normal blood sugar level in human body is necessary to maintain good health overall. A blood sugar level below 70 is termed “hypoglycemia”. Complications can mount if the normal blood sugar level remains high. There is a chance of diabetes coma, amputation, kidney failure, blindness or death as well. When level of normal blood sugar drops too low, then the person is mostly likely to have chance to suffer from nausea, shakiness and dizziness. A person with a higher glucose level also faces nervous health-related problem like diabetes neuropathy, which in turn result in varied neurological complication and severe pain.

Diabetes is most pronounced in economic age group. Federal Ministry of Health in December 1988 inaugurated an expert committee on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) with the principal objective of identifying a suitable program for early detection and effective control. Diabetes is a disease that affects all the organs of the body. The leading cause of hospitalization in a diabetes patient is foot injury. Diabetes may lead to poor circulation of blood and this will lead to the loss of sensation in the feet. All types of diabetes share some similar symptoms. The most common ones include lack of energy, weight loss, frequent urination, extreme tiredness, excessive thirst, blurred vision, genital itching, or frequent episodes of thrush, recurrent boil, nausea, abdominal pain and increased hunger. However, in type two diabetes, which result from the body’s ineffective use of insulin, the patient may not know or notice these symptoms at all. In fact, the individual may have diabetes for a long time without knowing. Preventing diabetes is easy; research has shown that as little as thirty (30) minutes brisk work four (4) times a week can prevent diabetes, even those at risk for the disease. Weight reduction of as little as 5% of body weight is known to reverse glucose intolerance. Another way of preventing the disease is to quit smoking and drinking of alcohol, eating a healthy diet and relaxing adequately.

From all indication, ignorance is the major reason why many people do not always detect the presence of diabetes in their body, until when such person suddenly becomes ill and finally find themselves admitted in a hospital ward and later diagnosed to be diabetic. Complication may result from treatments, which may be excessive, especially when the patients does not eat well, leading to abnormal blood sugar.

Dutse General Hospital was established in 1972 as Dutse Comprehensive Health Centre and was promoted to general hospital in 1985, Dutse General Hospital was commission by the military Governor of the Kano state. Air Commander Hamza Abdullahi on 8th August 1985 during General Muhammadu Buhari regime according to Dutse General Hospital has 250 beds. The facility has the total attachment populations of 275,962 and 258 staff with the following breakdown. 

86 Nurses, 30 JCHEW, 32 CHEW, 8 Doctors including NYSC and 102 others the hospital offer the following services out patient care, accident and emergency, laboratory services, TB Dots, ophthalmology, Antenna! care postnatal. 

Physiotherapy services immunization, scanning, X-ray, caurisehus and testing of HIV, outreach services family planning RVD management and care of PMTC services surgeries, nutritional health record, dental services quality assurance blood banking. 

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (MD) is increasing worldwide, with the major increases to occur in developing countries. It has been observed that the pattern of hospital treatment can be used to determine the effectiveness of the outpatient care of Diabetes Mellitus.

Dr. Adebola Adelaiye Chief Executive Officer, Ambibol Diabetes Foundation and Clinic 27 May, 2016 said; ‘The International Diabetic Federation estimates that about 6 million Nigerians have been diagnosed as having diabetes, and this represents only 30% of probable prevalence of the disease. In most urban areas of Nigeria, at least 10% of the general population is probably diabetic. Diabetes is a very deadly disease leading to amputations, stroke, blindness, family burden, economy loss etc. The total burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) is due to the increasing number of new cases that are the result of inherited risk and changes in lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle, abnormal eating habits), as well as increase in lifespan. There is now a larger population of DM patients who are now at a higher risk of developing chronic diabetic complications. Diabetes Mellitus is a silent disease, and many sufferers only become aware of it when it threatens their life.

This research is attempt to determine patients’ and family members’ knowledge to views on diabetes mellitus, to make recommendations towards improved diabetic education which might lead to improved adherence to the diabetic treatment regimen.

The main aim of this research is to analyse the diabetes mellitus cases reported to Dutse General Hospital, Jigawa State from 2011 to 2019.

The objectives are:

Lower income, lower education, low-rated employment and physical complications adversely affect the quality of life of patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Such factors need to be addressed by physicians managing these patients. Hence, a study of this kind can help us to identify the problem, the causes and provide possible ways of reducing the number of treatment, cost and mortality.

This work is limited to the data obtained from Dutse General Hospital. The Hospital receives many patients every day more especially from the various places around Dutse Local Government. For this reason the result of this data analysis can be apply to the Dutse General Hospital over the period of 2011-2019. 

H_O: The disease does not depend on sex and age.

H_1: The disease depends on sex and age.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite (World Health Organization, 2014).

Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by a chronic elevation in the level of glucose in the blood. The normal range for blood glucose is 3.5-7.0 mmol/L. For the purpose of this study it will mean type diabetes mellitus with a blood sugar level of 10mm1/L and above and the diabetes mellitus patient must be on oral injection (insulin) treatment.

Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia is a reduction below normal in the blood glucose level. It is an abnormally low blood glucose concentration characterized by sweating, hunger, faintness, confusion and coma. For the purpose of this study hypoglycemia is a clinical state associated with decreased blood glucose below the critical level for an individual, characterized by hunger, nervousness, profuse sweating, faintness, and sometimes convulsions.

Side-effects: They are secondary (usually undesirable or unwanted) effects of medicines. These effects occur following the administration of drugs.

Family member: A family member is a person belonging to a team or group as a result of relationship, whether the person lives with the group or not. For the purpose of this study, family members include those that are staying with the patient at home such as a spouse, children aged 16 years and older, and the in-laws.

In medicine, patient compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device use, self-care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and health-care provider affect compliance, and a positive physician-patient relationship is the most important factor in improving compliance. The cost of prescription medication also plays a major role (World Health Organization, 2003).

Regimen: A regimen is a plan, or course of action such as a diet, exercise or medical treatment. A low-salt diet is a regimen. A course of penicillin is a regimen, and there are many chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of cancer (Yaguchi, 2010).

Treatment: It is a mode of dealing with a patient or diseases in which specific medical or surgical treatment is undertaken.

Treatment regimen: It is a manner of behaving towards the prescribed course of exercise, way of life and diet.

Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a thing. In this case it is awareness or familiarity gained by experience of diabetes mellitus and its treatment.

View: It is a manner of considering a subject, opinion, mental attitude.