ABSTRACT
The study ascertained the effect of training approaches and entrepreneurship development of bakeries: A focus of National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in Abia state. The objectives of the study were to; examine the effect of coaching (practical application of skills) on the growth of bakeries in Abia State, ascertain the effect of mentoring (attitudes, norms, behaviours) on the innovativeness of bakeries in Abia State and equally to investigate the effect of classroom instruction (principles, rules and theories) on venture creation of bakeries in Abia State. The survey research design was adopted in the study and a sample of 120 was purposively drawn from the staff of twelve (12) bakeries that have participated in the NDE scheme in selected Local Government Areas of Abia State. However, a well-structured five-point-rating-scale questionnaire was used for data collection. Data obtained from the field were collated and coded into computer system, which were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, 21). Meanwhile, the descriptive statistics used were mean, percentages and frequency scores while the inferential statistical test used was the Spearman Rank Order Correlation for the analysis of the hypotheses formulated for the study. Empirical findings revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between coaching (practical application of skills) and the growth of bakeries. Mentoring (attitudes, norms, behaviours) was found to have positive significant effect on innovativeness of bakeries in Abia State. Also, classroom instruction (principles, rules and theories) has a significant effect on the venture creation of bakeries in Abia State. The study therefore recommends the provision of more classroom instructional materials to enhance skills development of the trainees, and an upgrade in the mentoring (attitudes, norms and behavior) followed by strict monitoring plan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgments v
Table of Contents
vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figure
x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background of the study
1
1.2.
Statement of the problem
3
1.3.
Aims and Objectives of the
study 5
1.4.
Research questions 5
1.5.
Research hypothesis
6
1.6.
Significance of the study 6
1.7 Scope and limitation of the study
7
1.8 Operational definition
of terms
8
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Conceptual Review 9
2.1.1
Training 9
2.1.2
Approaches of training 11
2.1.3
Coaching (Practical application of skills) 12
2.1.4 Mentoring
(attitudes, norms and behaviours) 13
2.1.5 Classroom
instruction (Principles, rules and theories) 16
2 .1.6 The
problems of training agencies in Nigeria 18
2.1.7
Skills acquisition 19
2.1.8. Entrepreneurship
development 21
2.1.9 Elements
of Entrepreneurship development 27
2.1.10 Training
and development 29
2.1.11 Skills
performance 32
2.1.12 Self-
development 33
2.2 Theoretical Framework 36
2.2.1 The choice of transformational theory 36
2.2.2 Social learning theory 36
2.2.3 Cognitive theory 37
2.2.4 Application of the cognitive theory 39
2.3 Empirical Review 40
2.4 Summary of Review of Related Literature 45
2.4.1 Gap in Literature 46
CHAPTER 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design 47
3.2 Population of the study 47
3.3 Sources of data 48
3.4 Sample size determination 48
3.4.1 Sample and sampling procedure
48
3.5 Validity of the instrument 49
3.6 Reliability of the instrument 49 3.7
Methods of data analysis 50
CHAPTER 4: DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Demographic distribution of respondents 52
4.2 Answering of Research Questions 53
4.5 Test of hypotheses 58
4.4 Discussion of findings 62
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 64
5.1.1 Summary of findings 65
5.2 Conclusion 66
5.3 Recommendations 66
5.4 Contributions to Knowledge
66
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies 67
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Number of people trained in the area of catering/bread
baking enterprise in the year 2011-
2018. 30
3.1 Population distribution (Bakeries and staff of the study) 47
4.1 Questionnaire Distribution and Return Rate 51
4.2 Demographic distribution of the respondents 52
4.3: Extent to which coaching (practical application of skills)
influence the growth of
bakeries in Abia State (N =
118) 53
4.4: Extent to which mentoring (attitudes, norms, behaviours) influence
the
innovativeness of
bakeries in Abia State (N = 118) 55
4.5: Extent to which classroom instruction (principles, rules and
theories) influence
venture creation of
bakeries in Abia State (N = 118) 57
4.6: Effect of coaching (practical application of skills) on the growth of bakeries 59
4.7: Effect of mentoring (attitudes, norms, behaviours) on the innovativeness of
bakeries in Abia State 60
4.8: Effect of classroom instruction (principles, rules and theories) on the
venture creation of
bakeries in Abia State 61
LIST OF
FIGURES
Figure Page
4.1: Questionnaire
distribution and return rate 51
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Training has evoked an outstanding deal of interest over the
years. Organizations keep innovating making it vital schooling and gaining
knowledge. Training objective is to enhance abilities inclusive of technical,
human, and managerial for the furtherance of individual and organizational boom.
(Oribabor, 2000). Training constitutes a basic
concept in human resource development. It is concerned with developing a
particular skill to a desired standard by instruction and practice. Training is
a highly useful tool that can bring an employee into a position where they can
do their job correctly, effectively, and conscientiously. Training is the act
of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a particular
job. The effective training improves the culture of quality in business,
employees and ultimately the final product. (Echard and Berge, 2008).
Following the economic recession of the 1980s,
the Federal Government established National Directorate of Employment (NDE) to partly
assist in ameliorating the escalating rate of unemployment. National Directorate
of Employment was statutorily mandated to; design and implement programmes to
reduce mass unemployment; articulate policies aimed at developing work
programmes with labour intensive potentials; obtain and maintain a data bank on
employment and vacancies in the country with a view to acting as a clearing
house to link job seekers. Therefore, implement any other policies as may be
laid down from time to time by the Board established under sections of the
enabling ACT, CAP250. In order to
actualize its mandate, the Directorate launched four well- articulated
programmes. These are: Small Scale Enterprises (SSE), Rural Employment
Promotion Programme (REP), Special Public Works Programme (SPW) and Vocational
Skills Development Programme (VSD)
In every training
programmme, there is always the trainee, the trainer and job being trained for.
Vocational skills development (VSD)
department is one of the core programmes department in National Directorate of
Employment. It has the responsibility of training or equipping unemployed
persons with vocational skills. These skills in the VSD department includes:
Computer operations, catering/baking, hair dressing and others. Upon
graduation, the graduated trainees establish micro businesses of their own and
become self-employed as well as employers of labour. However, in order to
achieve this noble practice, the vocational skills development objectives were
stated to guide the successful implementation. According to NDE, annual report
(2000) the objectives are: job creation and employment generation for
unemployed youths through skills acquisition; reduction of poverty in the
society through setting up income generating activities; increasing the number
of artisans and entrepreneur’s necessary for economic and technological
development of the country; curbing crime, anti- social behaviours through
skills acquisition and stemming rural-urban drift. However, the researcher’s
area of interest is on baking enterprise as one the skills in vocational skills
development programme of NDE, Abia State.
The concept of training is
a combination of coaching (practical application of skills), mentoring (attitudes,
norms, behaviors) and classroom instructions under the supervision of a journey
level craft person or trades professionals in which trainees/workers learn the
practical and theoretical aspects of a highly skilled occupation. (Armstrong,
1995) argues that on the job training may consist of teaching or coaching by
more experienced people trainers at desk oral the bench. Fuller and Unwin, (2008)
argued that training enables practitioners to gain license to practice in a
regulated profession. But this tend to be hampered by non-availability of
infrastructures like; poor electricity generation, inadequate funding, high
cost of baking materials, inadequate training and others. Most of their
training is done while working for an employer who helps the trainees learn
their trade in exchange of labour for an agreed period of time after they have
achieved measurable competences in baking.
Hence, this study is anchored on training approaches and
entrepreneurship development of Bakeries; with focus on National Directorate of
Employment in Abia State.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
Training is one of the key components in human resource development. Training
is a vital tool for helping individual trainees develop skills and earn
distinguishable and valuable occupational credentials.
One of the most fundamental problems of development in developing
countries is that of unemployment, which is not a desirable phenomenon in
any given country’s development priorities, because of its consequences both social, political and economic that ranges from increasing poverty, personal hardships and depression which often result
to criminality such as armed robbery, militancy, kidnapping,
prostitution, street begging, cybercrimes, proliferation of baby
manufacturing industries and insurgency". Since independence in 1960,
unemployment and poverty have been two major challenges in Nigeria; where unemployment rate as at 1960 to 1969 stood at less than 2% and from
1970 to 1979 stood at less than 4%. However, the unemployment rate in Nigeria increased to 33.30 percent in the fourth quarter
of 2020 from 27.10 percent in the second quarter of 2020 (World Bank Report,
2020). This record showed that in spite the introduction of National
Directorate of Employment (NDE) in the 1980s and strategy underlying its
programmes, which is to train and produce self-employed, the rate of
unemployment has continue to be on the increase.
In furtherance, one thing is to learn a skill or trade and most
important is the effect of such knowledge on the recipient and their business
establishments. On the contrary, from the researchers’ interaction with most of
NDE trainees, there seems to be under-performance of the businesses with some
abandoning their start-ups. This could be connected to what appears to be
reduced government financial intervention and seemingly inadequate monitoring
and coaching. Also, the
demand-supply gap of confectionery products in Nigeria and most countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa is largely met by importation (Wada, Gbabo, & Ndamba
2006; GAIN, 2008). This is because
most of the important inputs used in production such as baking materials,
wheat, yeast and other facilities are not always within the reach of the bakers
(wayagari, Amosun & Misari 2003) thus, crippling the profits on investment
and discouraging the bakers from continued production of these products.
Generally, the problem is perhaps that most bakery buildings are substandard,
dirty and without any formal design. Most of the buildings were suitable for
our needs years ago but now seems inadequate for the present and future needs. Despite
the important role of vocational skills development programme department of
NDE, Abia State in training, the unemployed youths in baking skills through
coaching (practical task demonstration), mentoring (skills) and classroom
instructions, the baking enterprise has been seen to have some other hiccups
especially in the areas of high cost of raw materials for baking, inadequate
capital, poor power supply, and harsh government policy among others.
Agbeze (2012) pointed out that, inadequate infrastructure such as
electricity affect both new and existing businesses. Besides, inadequate
funding may be one of the major problems affecting the bakery enterprises in
Abia State. Thus, in the words of Onwubiko (2011), availability of capital is
central to the establishment and continued existence of any enterprise,
irrespective of the size, focus, and objectives, but acquiring the relevant
skills to manage the business is more important than the capital.
In addition, very few or no recent studies has critically evaluated the training
approaches and entrepreneurship development of Bakeries; with focus on National
Directorate of Employment in Abia State. This is a gap in knowledge which this
study intends to fill,
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY
The main aim of this study is to examine the training approaches and
entrepreneurship development of Bakeries; a focus of National Directorate of
Employment in Abia State.
The specific objectives are to:
i.
examine the effect of coaching (practical application of skills) on the growth
of bakeries in Abia State.
ii.
ascertain the effect of mentoring (attitudes, norms, behaviours) on the
innovativeness of bakeries in Abia State.
iii.
investigate the effect of classroom instruction (principles, rules and
theories) on venture creation of bakeries in Abia State.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In line with the specific objectives, the following research questions
were raised.
i.
To what extent does coaching (practical application of skills) influence
the growth of bakeries in Abia State?
ii.
To what extent does mentoring (attitudes, norms, behaviours) influence
the innovativeness of bakeries in Abia State?
iii.
To what extent does classroom instruction (principles, rules and
theories) influence
venture creation of bakeries in Abia State?
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
The following research hypotheses were tested in this study.
H01: Coaching (practical
application of skills) has no significant effect on the growth of bakeries in
Abia State.
H02: Mentoring (attitudes,
norms, behaviours) has no significant effect on the innovativeness of bakeries
in Abia State.
H03: Classroom instruction
(principles, rules and theories) has no significant effect on the venture
creation of bakeries in Abia State.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
The significance of this study is divided into empirical and theoretical
significance.
Theoretical significance: The findings of the study
will strengthen the methods employed by NDE for maximum benefit in such a way
that individuals would be properly trained, empowered and ensure continuity of
such programmes. This will help to determine the performance status of the
trainers and trainees in the study area.
Furthermore, the result of
the study will add to future entrepreneurship development efforts and literature
for further studies. It will give a vivid insight to the training needs of the
actors involved in training and empowering through vocational skills
development programme and proffer solution to some of the constraints affecting
them.
Practical significance: The research findings will enable the
government, NDE trainers, NDE, academic community and others to ascertain if
training programmes of NDE, has any significant effect on entrepreneurship
development. This knowledge will aid the government to formulate and implement
policies as well as to have in-depth understanding of the effect of training
practices and entrepreneurship development.
Based on the findings,
government will be equipped to support the trainers and trainees by provision
of land space for their businesses.
Finally, the result of the
study could form the basis for further research development in Nigeria at
large.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is
broken down into content scope, geographical scope and study unit scope.
Content scope: The study is delimited to
the training approaches and entrepreneurship development of Bakeries; a focus
of National Directorate of Employment in Abia State. Also, the study will be
centered on the Social learning theory and the Cognitive theory.
Geographical Scope
covers the
three senatorial zones of Abia State. It covered selected baking enterprises in
Abia State (Abia North, Abia South and Abia Central) because we have the highest
number of participants/respondents of National Directorate of Employment from
these areas.
Unit
scope: The unit scope for this study is respondents (trainers and
participants) of NDE.
Limitations of the study
The major limitation
encountered by this study was public service bureaucracy which hindered flow of
information and co-operation of National Directorate of Employment survey which
the researcher was able to get. Another limitation of this study was the
difficulty in accessing and administering copies of questionnaire to
respondents’ in Abia State: Aba, Umuahia, Isuikwuato and Bende. It took some
time for the respondents to complete the questionnaire. Besides, these
limitations, the researcher was able to carry on with the study or research.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Skill: Skill is the knowledge and ability that enables one to
do something well.
Coaching: Coaching is defined as the activity of providing
training for people or helping to prepare them for something.
Training: It is a continuous assistance or coaching given to
people in order to make them have the current knowledge, skills to perform a
given trade or task effectively.
Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur is a person who
creates wealth by running businesses.
Entrepreneurship: It is defined as the process of
transforming initiative to grow a new business or diversify an existing
business or enterprise.
Skill Acquisition: Skill acquisition is the ability to
be trained on a particular trade and become expert in it.
Entrepreneurship Development: It refers to the process of
enhancing entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through structured training and
institution- building programmes.
Baking: Baking is a form of cooking where one cook flour under
prolonged heating.
Apprentice: It is a continuous assistance or coaching given to
people in order to make them have the current knowledge, skills to perform a given
trade or task effectively.
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