THE PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTIC GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF DOGS, ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN BENDE, IKWUANO AND UMUAHIA SOUTH, ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background Information

1.2       Statement of Problem

1.3       Justification of the Study

1.4       Significance of the Study

1.6       Specific Objectives  

1.7       Hypotheses

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Zoonotic Parasites

2.2       Geographical Distributions of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.3       Prevalence Studies of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs in Different Parts of World

2.4       Prevalence Studies of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasitic of Dogs in Nigeria

2.5       Types of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.5.1    Toxocara Canis

2.5.1.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Toxocara Canis

2.5.2    Dipylidium Caninum

2.5.2.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Dipylidium Caninum

2.5.3    Isospora Canis

2.5.3.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Isospora Species

2.5.4    Trichuris Vulpis

2.5.4.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Trichuris Vulpis

2.5.5    Ancyclostoma Caninum

2.5.5.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Ancylostoma Caninum

2.6       Type of Dog Species

2.6.1    The Basenji

2.6.2    The Azawakh

2.6.3    Greyhound

2.6.4    German Shepherd

2.6.5    Caucasian Shepherd

2.6.6    Rottweiler

2.7       Public Health Significance of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.7.1    Pathogenicity of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.7.2    Signs and Symptoms of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.8       Risk Factors Associated With Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.8.1    Consumption of Undercook Offal and Unwashed Vegetables

2.8.2    Poor Personal Hygiene and Environmental Practices                

2.8.3    Intimacy between Dogs and Their Owners

2.8.4    Environmental Factors

2.9       Treatment of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.10     Management Practices of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

2.10.1 Public Health Education

2.10.2 Good Environmental and Personal Hygienic Practices

2.10.3 Deworming of Dogs

2.10.4 Vaccination of Dogs

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Study Area

3.2.      Ethical Approval

3.3       Study Population

3.4       Study Design

3.5.      Sample Collection      

3.6.      Sample Assessment

3.7       Parasitological Procedures

3.7.1    Preparation of Formal Saline

3.7.2    Parasitological Procedures for Saline Wet Mount Preparation Techniques

3.7.3    Parasitological Procedures for Formol-Ether Concentration Techniques

3.8       Data Analysis

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1       Results

4.1.1    Overall Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area

4.1.2    Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs in Bende-Ovu and Umuoshie Communities of Bende Local Government Area of Abia State.

4.1.3.   Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Amaoba Ime and Amaoba Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State

4.1.4    Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State.

4.1.5    Overall Breed Specific Prevalence of Local Dogs Identified in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State

4.1.6.   Overall Breed Specific Prevalence of Exotic Dogs Identified In Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State

 4.1.7   Overall Species-Specific Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area

4.1.8    Species-Specific Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs    Identified In Bende Local Government Area of Abia State

4.1.9    Species-Specific Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined in Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area

4.1.10  Species Specific Prevalence Of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Dogs Examined In Amaukwu And Olokoro Mgbarakuma Communities Of Umuahia South Local Government Area.

4.1.11 Overall Sex-Related Prevalence of Dogs Examined In Bende, Ikwuano and   Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State

4.1.12 Sex-Related Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Bende Local Government Area of Abia State

4.1.13 Sex-Related Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified in Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area

4.1.14 Sex-Related Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Amaukwu and Mgbarakuma Communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area

4.1.15 Overall Age-Related Prevalence of Dogs Examined In Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State.

4.1.16 Age-Related Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Bende-Ovu and Umuoshie Communities of Bende Local Government Area

4.1.17  Age-Related Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area.

4.1.18 Age-Related Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined   In Amaukwu-Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area.

4.1.19 Prevalence Of Single And Mixed Infection Of Dogs Examined In Study Areas.

4.1.20 Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Dog Owner’s Regarding Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs

4.2.      Discussion

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Conclusion

5.2       Recommendations

References

Appendices

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1.1      Overall prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Bende, Ikwauno and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State

Table 4.1.2      Prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Bende-Ovu and Umoushie communities of Bende Local Government Area of Abia State.

Table 4.1.3:     Prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in  Amaoba Ime and Amaoba Ikputus communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State

Table 4.1.4:     Prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Amaukwo Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area.

Table 4.1.5      Overall breed specific prevalence of local dogs identified in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State

Table 4.1.6      Overall breed specific prevalence of exotic dogs identified in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State

Table 4.1.7:     Overall species-specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs identified in Bende, Ikwauno and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State

Table 4.1.8:     Species-specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs identified in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State

Table 4.1.9:     Species specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area.

Table 4.1.10    Species specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Amaukwu and Olokoro Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area.

Table 4.1.11    Overall sex- related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Bende, Ikwuano and  Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State

Table 4.1.12    Sex-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs identified in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State

Table 4.1.13    Sex-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs identified In Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area

Table 4.1.14:   Sex-specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs identified in Amaukwu and Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area

Table 4.1.15: Overall age -related prevalence of dogs examined in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South

Table 4.1.16    Age-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Bende-Ovu and Umuoshie communities of Bende Local Government Area

Table 4.1.17    Age-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Amaoba-Ime Amaoba-Ikputu communities of Bende Local Government Area.

Table 4.1.18    Age-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs examined in Amaukwu-Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area.

Table 4.19       Overall prevalence of single and mixed infection of dogs examined in study areas

Table 4.1.20    Knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owner’s regarding zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure: 2.1. Life Cycle Of Toxocara Canis

Figure: 2.2. Life Cycle Of Dipylidium Caninum

Figure 2.3: Life Cycle of Ancylostoma Caninum

Figure 3.1: Map of Abia State showing study areas

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The domestic dog (canis familiaris) is generally considered as the first domesticated mammals from wolves (Morey, 2006). The relationship between humans and dogs has existed for many centuries, with several advantages and some known disadvantages (Cutt et al., 2007). In most industrialized countries, dogs have been put to remarkably high adapt to human needs in health promotion, guiding the blind, assisting the deaf, assisting persons that are impaired in their mobility, sniffing out drugs, explosives and other dangerous chemicals beyond what human can do. Dogs have also been trained for search and rescue mission using their powerful sense of smell to locate lost and injured as well as to alert epileptic patients that a seizure is imminent. (Cutt et al., 2007, Gillum and Obisesan, 2010). However, in Nigeria, studies on the use of dogs have shown that people keep dogs for various reasons, such companionship as pet, house guard, assistance for hunting of wildlife, and as food animal. Their perceived economic and social worth thus depends on the community values attached to their use, which varies from one place to another (Oboegbulem and Nwakonobi, 1989).The functions and value attributed to dogs as a result of the culture and ecological setting of the people contributes to the condition in which dogs are kept, and the degree of supervision they receive within human community, as such the sizes of different segments of a dog population depend heavily on the proportion of human population keeping, tolerating or rejecting dogs in their neighborhoods (WHO and WSPA, 199,. WHO, 2002). Despite its usefulness, dogs like many other canines have been reported to harbour a variety of zoonotic intestinal parasites, such as Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Giardia canis, Isospora canis and Trichuris vulpis among many others, some of which can also infect livestock, wildlife and humans (Asano et al., 2004, Sowemimo and Asaolu, 2008, Salb et al., 2008). These parasites causes mortality in dogs and their role in transmitting infections to humans have been widely recognized (Martinez et al., 2007, Satyal et al., 2013, Chen et al., 2012, Perera et al., 2013). The signs and symptoms of these parasitic infections in dog’s ranges from vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, anorexia to dermatitis. Although so-me infected animals may present no symptoms (Awoke et al., 2010, Getahun and Addis, 2012). However, these parasites are usually transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected pets or exposure to environments contaminated with infected dog faeces (Degefu, et al., 2011). Children are mostly infected with these zoonotic parasites because of their closeness to pets and playing with contaminated soil (Karrar and Rahim, 1995). Therefore, environmental contamination by dog faeces in urban and rural public spaces is considered a risk factor to public health, as dogs can be carriers of pathogenic agents transmissible to humans (Pam etal., 2013). Furthermore, a low level of hygienic conditions and lack of sufficient veterinary attention and zoonotic disease awareness compound the risk of transmission of these diseases to humans (Satyal et al., 2013).

In Nigeria, occurrences of these zoonotic parasitic infections have been reported widely in dogs with differences in prevalence depending on the geographical location (Magaji et al., 2012, Ugbomoiko et al., 2008). Although a lot have been done on the environmental contamination of the eggs of parasites of zoonotic importance, little or no work has been done on direct evaluation of household dog faeces in Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Autonomous communities of Abia State, Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed and conducted to determine the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs, associated risk factor and best management practices in some selected communities of Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government of Area of Abia State, Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Environmental contamination by dog faeces in public spaces is a risk factor to public health, as dogs can be carriers of pathogenic agents that are transmissible to humans (Pam et al., 2013). However, poor hygienic conditions, non-provision of dog kennel, proximity between humans and dogs, lack of adequate veterinary care and zoonotic diseases awareness of dog’s owners in Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities could compound the risk of transmission of diseases from one dog to another and also to humans.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Dogs have been a major source of zoonosis throughout their long history to livestock, wildlife and humans (Macpherson, 2005, Salb et al., 2008). Zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs is currently endemic in 20 of the 36 state in Nigeria (Ogbaje et al.,2015) and with the increasing number of dogs in some communities of Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government areas of Abia State, coupled with poor environmental practices and lack of awareness of this zoonotic parasites, they may be a possible public health risk of human and other intermediate host getting infected with these parasites is inevitable. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to enrich baseline data on the occurrence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in some communities Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Abia State, Nigeria. Data from this study will serve as a suitable means of determining the knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners regarding potential zoonotic intestinal parasites of dogs.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The data from this study will serve as a suitable means of determining the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Autonomous communities. This study will reveal the breeds of dogs are more infected. The study will also reveal the age group of dogs that are more prone to these infections. Data from this study will be used to gain a better understanding of risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs specific to the study location. Result from this study will be used to suggest a more evidence-based, comprehensive approach towards education for the prevention and eradication of these zoonotic parasitic infections in some selected communities of Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South local government areas. Result from this study will also facilitate both the Federal and State Ministry of Health and other National and Multinational agencies to design more effective campaign programs against zoonotic infections of dogs

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs, associated risk factors and best management practices in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South, Abia State, Nigeria

1.6 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES       

1.      To determine the overall prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs studied in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State.

2.      Investigate the species of dogs that are more infected.

3.      Investigate if age and sex has any influence on the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State.

4.      Ascertain the significant association of some risk factors with the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasitic infections of dogs in some selected communities in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State.

5.      Assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners regarding zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs

1.7 HYPOTHESES

     1.      zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs is not prevalent in Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Abia State.

      2.      The local dogs are more infected than the exotic dogs.

     3.      The prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs is not associated with age and sex.

      4.      The risk factors analysed in this study are not associated with the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs.

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