TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background Information
1.2
Statement of Problem
1.3 Justification of
the Study
1.4 Significance of the
Study
1.6 Specific Objectives
1.7 Hypotheses
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Zoonotic
Parasites
2.2 Geographical Distributions of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites
of Dogs
2.3 Prevalence Studies of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of
Dogs in Different Parts of World
2.4 Prevalence Studies of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasitic of
Dogs in Nigeria
2.5 Types of Zoonotic
Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.5.1
Toxocara
Canis
2.5.1.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Toxocara Canis
2.5.2 Dipylidium Caninum
2.5.2.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Dipylidium Caninum
2.5.3 Isospora Canis
2.5.3.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Isospora Species
2.5.4 Trichuris Vulpis
2.5.4.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Trichuris Vulpis
2.5.5 Ancyclostoma Caninum
2.5.5.1 Life Cycle and Transmission of Ancylostoma Caninum
2.6 Type
of Dog Species
2.6.1 The
Basenji
2.6.2 The
Azawakh
2.6.3 Greyhound
2.6.4 German
Shepherd
2.6.5 Caucasian
Shepherd
2.6.6 Rottweiler
2.7 Public
Health Significance of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.7.1 Pathogenicity
of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.7.2 Signs
and Symptoms of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.8 Risk
Factors Associated With Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.8.1 Consumption
of Undercook Offal and Unwashed Vegetables
2.8.2 Poor Personal Hygiene and Environmental
Practices
2.8.3 Intimacy
between Dogs and Their Owners
2.8.4 Environmental
Factors
2.9 Treatment
of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.10 Management
Practices of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs
2.10.1 Public
Health Education
2.10.2 Good
Environmental and Personal Hygienic Practices
2.10.3 Deworming
of Dogs
2.10.4 Vaccination
of Dogs
CHAPTER
3
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area
3.2. Ethical
Approval
3.3 Study
Population
3.4 Study
Design
3.5. Sample
Collection
3.6. Sample
Assessment
3.7 Parasitological
Procedures
3.7.1 Preparation
of Formal Saline
3.7.2 Parasitological Procedures for
Saline Wet Mount Preparation Techniques
3.7.3 Parasitological
Procedures for Formol-Ether Concentration Techniques
3.8 Data
Analysis
CHAPTER
4
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
4.1.1 Overall
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined in Bende,
Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area
4.1.2 Prevalence
of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs in Bende-Ovu and Umuoshie
Communities of Bende Local Government Area of Abia State.
4.1.3. Prevalence
of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Amaoba Ime and
Amaoba Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State
4.1.4 Prevalence
of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Amaukwu Olokoro and
Mgbarakuma Communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State.
4.1.5 Overall
Breed Specific Prevalence of Local Dogs Identified in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia
South Local Government Area of Abia State
4.1.6. Overall
Breed Specific Prevalence of Exotic Dogs Identified In Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia
South Local Government Area of Abia State
4.1.7
Overall Species-Specific Prevalence of
Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Bende, Ikwuano and
Umuahia South Local Government Area
4.1.8 Species-Specific
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Bende Local Government Area of
Abia State
4.1.9 Species-Specific
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined in
Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area
4.1.10 Species Specific Prevalence Of Zoonotic
Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Dogs Examined In Amaukwu And Olokoro Mgbarakuma
Communities Of Umuahia South Local Government Area.
4.1.11 Overall
Sex-Related Prevalence of Dogs Examined In Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia
State
4.1.12 Sex-Related
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Bende
Local Government Area of Abia State
4.1.13 Sex-Related
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified in
Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area
4.1.14 Sex-Related
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Identified In Amaukwu
and Mgbarakuma Communities of Umuahia South Local Government Area
4.1.15 Overall
Age-Related Prevalence of Dogs Examined In Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South
Local Government Areas of Abia State.
4.1.16 Age-Related
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Bende-Ovu
and Umuoshie Communities of Bende Local Government Area
4.1.17 Age-Related
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In
Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area.
4.1.18 Age-Related
Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs Examined In Amaukwu-Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Communities
of Umuahia South Local Government Area.
4.1.19 Prevalence
Of Single And Mixed Infection Of Dogs Examined In Study Areas.
4.1.20 Knowledge,
Attitude and Practices of Dog Owner’s Regarding Zoonotic Gastrointestinal
Parasites of Dogs
4.2. Discussion
CHAPTER
5
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2
Recommendations
References
Appendices
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 4.1.1 Overall prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs in Bende, Ikwauno and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State
Table 4.1.2 Prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs
examined in Bende-Ovu and Umoushie communities of Bende Local Government Area of
Abia State.
Table 4.1.3: Prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs
examined in Amaoba Ime and Amaoba
Ikputus communities of Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State
Table 4.1.4: Prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs
examined in Amaukwo Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South Local
Government Area.
Table 4.1.5 Overall breed specific prevalence of local dogs identified in
Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State
Table 4.1.6 Overall breed specific prevalence of exotic dogs identified in
Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State
Table 4.1.7: Overall species-specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal
parasites of dogs identified in Bende, Ikwauno and Umuahia South Local
Government Areas of Abia State
Table 4.1.8: Species-specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal
parasites of dogs identified in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State
Table 4.1.9: Species specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal
parasites of dogs examined in Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu communities of Ikwuano
Local Government Area.
Table 4.1.10 Species specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal
parasites of dogs examined in Amaukwu and Olokoro Mgbarakuma communities of
Umuahia South Local Government Area.
Table 4.1.11 Overall sex- related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites
of dogs examined in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia
South Local Government Areas of Abia State
Table 4.1.12 Sex-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs identified in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State
Table 4.1.13 Sex-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs identified In Amaoba-Ime and Amaoba-Ikputu Communities of Ikwuano Local
Government Area
Table 4.1.14: Sex-specific prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs identified in Amaukwu and Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South Local
Government Area
Table 4.1.15: Overall age -related
prevalence of dogs examined in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South
Table 4.1.16 Age-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs examined in Bende-Ovu and Umuoshie communities of Bende Local Government
Area
Table 4.1.17 Age-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs examined in Amaoba-Ime Amaoba-Ikputu communities of Bende Local Government
Area.
Table 4.1.18 Age-related prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs examined in Amaukwu-Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Umuahia South
Local Government Area.
Table 4.19 Overall prevalence of single and mixed infection of dogs
examined in study areas
Table 4.1.20 Knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owner’s regarding
zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure: 2.1. Life Cycle Of Toxocara Canis
Figure: 2.2. Life Cycle Of Dipylidium Caninum
Figure 2.3: Life Cycle of Ancylostoma Caninum
Figure 3.1: Map of Abia State showing
study areas
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
The domestic dog (canis familiaris) is generally
considered as the first domesticated mammals from wolves (Morey, 2006). The
relationship between humans and dogs has existed for many centuries, with
several advantages and some known disadvantages (Cutt et al., 2007). In most industrialized countries, dogs have been put
to remarkably high adapt to human needs in health promotion, guiding the blind,
assisting the deaf, assisting persons that are impaired in their mobility,
sniffing out drugs, explosives and other dangerous chemicals beyond what human
can do. Dogs have also been trained for search and rescue mission using their
powerful sense of smell to locate lost and injured as well as to alert
epileptic patients that a seizure is imminent. (Cutt et al., 2007,
Gillum and Obisesan, 2010). However, in Nigeria, studies on the use of dogs
have shown that people keep dogs for various reasons, such companionship as
pet, house guard, assistance for hunting of wildlife, and as food animal. Their
perceived economic and social worth thus depends on the community values
attached to their use, which varies from one place to another (Oboegbulem and
Nwakonobi, 1989).The functions and value attributed to dogs as a result of the
culture and ecological setting of the people contributes to the condition in
which dogs are kept, and the degree of supervision they receive within human
community, as such the sizes of different segments of a dog population depend
heavily on the proportion of human population keeping, tolerating or rejecting
dogs in their neighborhoods (WHO and WSPA, 199,. WHO, 2002). Despite its
usefulness, dogs like many other canines have been reported to harbour a
variety of zoonotic intestinal parasites, such as Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Giardia canis, Isospora canis and Trichuris vulpis among many others, some
of which can also infect livestock, wildlife and humans (Asano et al., 2004, Sowemimo and Asaolu, 2008,
Salb et al., 2008). These parasites
causes mortality in dogs and their role in transmitting infections to humans
have been widely recognized (Martinez et
al., 2007, Satyal et al., 2013,
Chen et al., 2012, Perera et al., 2013). The signs and symptoms of
these parasitic infections in dog’s ranges from vomiting, diarrhea, anemia,
anorexia to dermatitis. Although so-me infected animals may present no symptoms
(Awoke et al., 2010, Getahun and
Addis, 2012). However, these parasites are usually transmitted to humans
through direct contact with infected pets or exposure to environments contaminated
with infected dog faeces (Degefu, et al.,
2011). Children are mostly infected with these zoonotic parasites because of
their closeness to pets and playing with contaminated soil (Karrar and Rahim, 1995).
Therefore, environmental contamination by dog faeces in urban and rural public
spaces is considered a risk factor to public health, as dogs can be carriers of
pathogenic agents transmissible to humans (Pam etal., 2013). Furthermore, a low level of hygienic conditions and
lack of sufficient veterinary attention and zoonotic disease awareness compound
the risk of transmission of these diseases to humans (Satyal et al., 2013).
In
Nigeria, occurrences of these zoonotic parasitic infections have been reported
widely in dogs with differences in prevalence depending on the geographical
location (Magaji et al., 2012,
Ugbomoiko et al., 2008). Although a
lot have been done on the environmental contamination of the eggs of parasites
of zoonotic importance, little or no work has been done on direct evaluation of
household dog faeces in Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu
Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Autonomous communities of Abia State, Nigeria.
Therefore, this study was designed and conducted to determine the prevalence of
zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs, associated risk factor and best
management practices in some selected communities of Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia
South Local Government of Area of Abia State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Environmental
contamination by dog faeces in public spaces is a risk factor to public health,
as dogs can be carriers of pathogenic agents that are transmissible to humans
(Pam et al., 2013). However, poor hygienic
conditions, non-provision of dog kennel, proximity between humans and dogs,
lack of adequate veterinary care and zoonotic diseases awareness of dog’s
owners in Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and
Mgbarakuma communities could compound the risk of transmission of diseases from
one dog to another and also to humans.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Dogs
have been a major source of zoonosis throughout their long history to
livestock, wildlife and humans (Macpherson, 2005, Salb et al., 2008). Zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs is
currently endemic in 20 of the 36 state in Nigeria (Ogbaje et al.,2015)
and with the increasing number of dogs in some communities of Bende, Ikwuano
and Umuahia South Local Government areas of Abia State, coupled with poor
environmental practices and lack of awareness of this zoonotic parasites, they
may be a possible public health risk of human and other intermediate host getting
infected with these parasites is inevitable. Therefore, this study was
conducted in order to enrich baseline data on the occurrence of zoonotic
gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in some communities Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie,
Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Abia
State, Nigeria. Data from this study will serve as a suitable means of
determining the knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners regarding
potential zoonotic intestinal parasites of dogs.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The data from this study will serve as a suitable means of
determining the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Bende-Ovu,
Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma Autonomous communities. This study will reveal the breeds
of dogs are more infected. The study will also reveal the age group of dogs that
are more prone to these infections. Data from this study will be used to
gain a better understanding of risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites of
dogs specific to the study location. Result
from this study will be used to suggest a more evidence-based, comprehensive
approach towards education for the prevention and eradication of these zoonotic
parasitic infections in some selected communities of Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia
South local government areas. Result from this study
will also facilitate both the Federal and State Ministry of Health and other
National and Multinational agencies to design more effective campaign programs
against zoonotic infections of dogs
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is
to determine the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs,
associated risk factors and best management practices in Bende,
Ikwuano and Umuahia South, Abia State, Nigeria
1.6 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.
To determine
the overall prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs studied
in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of Abia State.
2.
Investigate
the species of dogs that are more infected.
3.
Investigate
if age and sex has any influence on the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal
parasites of dogs in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South Local Government Areas of
Abia State.
4.
Ascertain the
significant association of some risk factors with the prevalence of zoonotic
gastrointestinal parasitic infections of dogs in some selected communities in Bende, Ikwuano and Umuahia South
Local Government Areas of Abia State.
5.
Assess the
knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners regarding zoonotic
gastrointestinal parasites of dogs
1.7 HYPOTHESES
1.
zoonotic
gastrointestinal parasites of dogs is not prevalent in
Bende-Ovu, Umuoshie, Amaoba Ime, Amaoba Ikputu, Amaukwu Olokoro and Mgbarakuma communities of Abia State.
2.
The local
dogs are more infected than the exotic dogs.
3.
The
prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs is not associated
with age and sex.
4.
The risk
factors analysed in this study are not associated with the prevalence of
zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of dogs.
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