TABLE
OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.2 LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
1.3 ACCESSIBILITY OF THE STUDY AREA
1.4 CLIMATE OF THE STUDY AREA
1.5 VEGETATION OF THE STUDY AREA
1.6 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
1.6.1 DRAINAGE
1.7 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOMORPHIC UNITS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE NIGER DELTA
2.2 LOCAL USE OF CLAY (IN IGBOGENE)
2.3 MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF CLAY
2.4 TYPES AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF CLAY
2.4.1 BASED ON GEOLOGIC SETTING
2.4.2 BASED ON THE MODE OF FORMATION
2.4.3 BASED ON MINERALOGY OR MINERAL COMPOSITION
2.4.4 BASED ON USES CLAYS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO
FIVE
2.5 SOME INDUSTRIAL USES OF CLAY
2.6 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHOD OF STUDY
3.1 FIELD ITEMS
3.2 FIELD METHOD
3.3 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
3.4 LABORATORY METHODS/ANALYSIS
3.5 MOISTURE CONTENT
3.5.1 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE
CONTENT
3.6 SIEVE ANALYSIS (WET SIEVING)
3.6.1 PROCEDURE FOR WET SIEVING
3.8 LOSS ON IGNITION
3.8.1 PROCEDURE FOR LOSS ON IGNITION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
DATA PRESENTATION/ INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Clay is a common name for a number of
fine grained earthly materials that become plastic and tenacious when moist,
and that becomes permanently hard when baked or fired. According to (Velde,
1995), clay is applied to materials having a particle size less than 2
micrometers and to the family of minerals that has similar chemical composition
and common crystal structural characteristics.
Clay is formed either as a product of
the chemical weathering of pre-existing granitic rock and feldspar minerals
particularly in warm tropical and subtropical regions of the world or as a
result of the hydrothermal alteration of granitic rocks. Chemically clays are
hydrous aluminum silicate, ordinarily containing impurities, for example
potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, or iron in small amounts and are
characterized by sheet silicate structures of composite layers stacked along
the c-axis (Grim 1968).
Clay has wide characteristics of
physical characteristics such as plasticity, shrinkage under firing and under
drying, fineness of grain, colour after drying, hardness, cohesion and capacity
of the surface to take decoration.
Clay and clay minerals have been mined
sine stone age and have been indispensable in architecture in industry and
agriculture.
1.1
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To investigate the physio-chemical
properties of clay through laboratory analysis.
2. To understand the mineralogy of clay
through laboratory analysis.
3. To investigate their possible industrial
applications.
1.2
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
The study area is located between the
latitude 50 11 54.311 (5.03180)
north of the equator and longitude 60 241 1.211(6.40030)
east of the Greenwich meridian. The area of study is located in Yenegoa local Government
area of Bayelsa state in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.
1.3
ACCESSIBILITY OF THE STUDY AREA
Igbogene is situated between Akiogbologbo
and Yenegoa and is also nearby to Yenegwe. The study area is 4km south east
from Yenegwe Akiobologbo, 5km west from Yenegoa, 5km southwest from Akenfa 5km
east from Odieke, 5km east from Agbo and 6km northwest from Agbia.
1.4
CLIMATE OF THE STUDY AREA
The climate of Igbogene is tropical. Like
other parts of Nigeria, the area is known to have two seasons, the wet season (rainy
season) which begins from March until October and the dry season which begins
from November to early parts of March. The average annual temperature is 26.70C
and the average rainfall is 2899 mm.
1.5
VEGETATION OF THE STUDY AREA
Igbogene is surrounded by a tropical
rain forest to the southern part of Nigeria. The long period of rainfall
ensures an adequate supply of water, flooding and also continuous presence of
moisture in the air and soil promote growth of every green plant and trees even
in dry season. Different types of plants can be found in the area, such as
cassava, vegetable sugarcane, water yam, etc. the grasses grow in open parches.
The vegetation pattern gives an idea about the soil formation.
1.6
RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
The study area is generally a lowland
plain about sea level. The land surface slopes gently in the north-south
direction.
1.6.1
DRAINAGE
The study area is drained by a major
river (nun) and creeks which source is the river Niger, the river flows from
the north-west to the south-east direction.
1.7
GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOMORPHIC UNITS
The geomorphology of the Niger delta is
derived mainly from the works of Allen (1946 and 1965) Reyment (1965).
The Niger delta has an essential flat
topography and slopes very slightly towards the coast. The area is flat with an
elevation exceeding 35m above sea level.
Akpokodje (2001) distinguished (5)
geomorphic unit in the Niger Delta are:
1. Dry flat land and plains
2. Fresh water swamps
3. Meander bets and alluvial swamp
4. Salt water or mangrove swamp and active
abandoned coastal ridges
5. Sombreiro-wari deffaic plain with
abundant of fresh water beach swamp.
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