Abstract
This research study is centered on the impact of
planning on the efficiency of an organization. Effective planning is economic
efficiency of enterprise. Every business has a set goal. This study is designed to motivate employees
and provide a sense of unity to the various groups in the organization, since
an individual unit is an integral part of the total organizational objectives.
In other to achieve the purpose, the primary and secondary methods of data
collection was used which consist of textbook, journals, newspapers and library
archive. Simple percentage was used in presenting and analyzing the data and to
test the hypotheses. It was therefore concluded that the attainment of the set
objective of every organization depends on the effectiveness of management of
such an organization. It was also recommended among others that the management
should set to proper funding of the organization in order to enhance liability,
liquidity, effective administration and going concern concept of the
organization.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract vii
Chapter
One: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Research Questions 4
1.4 Research Hypotheses 5
1.5 Purpose of the Study 6
1.6 Scope of the Study 7
1.7 Significance of the Study 7
1.8 Limitations of the Study 9
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms 10
Chapter
Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Current Literature Review 13
2.3 Basic Element of Planning 14
2.4 Nature of Planning 15
2.5 The Planning Process 17
2.6 Types of Planning 21
2.7 Effective Planning 23
2.8 Planning Precedes all other Managerial Functions 24
2.9 Characteristics of Effective Planning 26
2.10 The Role of Effective Planning in an Organization 28
2.11 Factors Militating Against Effective Planning in an
Organization 30
Chapter
Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design 33
3.2 Population of the Study 33
3.3 Sample Size/Sampling Technique 33
3.4 Instrumentation/Materials 34
3.5 Data Collection/Analysis 34
Chapter
Four: Data Analysis, Interpretation and
Discussion
4.1 Data Presentation 35
4.2 Test of Hypothesis 46
Chapter Five: Summary,
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary 51
5.2 Conclusion 53
5.3 Recommendations 54
References 58
Appendix I 59
Appendix II 60
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
Planning is the most
basic aspect of all management functions. It involves selecting the best course
of actions from the alternative available to the organization. Every
organization has set goals or objectives and planning identifies the course of
action that will lead to the attainment of the set goals.
It is imperative for
managers to plan how to achieve objectives after establishing them. It should
be realized that objective are necessary perquisite for planning if we must
realize our desired goal. Especially when a person is confronted with
alternative courses of action he is forced to make a choice.
Planning bridges the
gap between where one is and where one is likely to be in future. It makes it
possible for things to happen which would not otherwise happen. The manager is
able to anticipate the possible effect of forces which could change the
objective of the organization. Planning is therefore the blue-print for action.
A businessman who wishes to enter into any business has to engage in detailed planning
in order to identify the source of raw material, equipment, determine delivery,
source of manpower supply and in most cases, source of working capital
etc.
Planning is an
intellectual demanding process. It requires the conscious determination of
action, and the basing of decision on purpose, knowledge and considered
estimates. Planning is particularly very important in developing nations where
resources are relatively scarce. In Nigeria for example, where many of the
businessmen are inexperienced and their academic perception is low, planning
helps to prevent waste of resources.
Many projects have
failed in most developing countries because adequate plans were not made to
identify all the various unforeseen obstacles likely to affect the business.
some people have narrow concept of their business and consider it unimportant
to plan, because they believe they cannot control most of the variables. To
these groups of people, planning is not a necessity; failure to plan therefore
gives rise to inefficiency and lack of direction. It thus makes a businessman
to be a fire-fighter instead of preventing its occurrence. Planning for a
Nigeria enterprise could mean identifying what business plans to do in terms of
growth, developing its share of the volume, nature of investment, identifying
operating strategy for marketing plans. For example, planning helps a manager
to determine how many employees he must have, the level of skills and
experience, the salary levels and the best way to utilize them efficiency. Planning,
therefore, is a pre-condition for better result.
The concept of planning
is to identify what the organization wants to do by using the four questions
which are; where are we today in term of our business or strategic planning?
Where are we going? Where do we want to go? How are we going to get there?
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Despite the obvious
benefits planning brings to an organization, many obstacles to effective
planning are still identified as follows;
1.
Many
organizations as a result of absence of relevant data are accurate analysis of
such data.
2.
High rate of
business failure, ineffective planning lead in most cases to business failure.
3.
Low
productivity; productivity is generally low in most organization with effective
planning.
4.
Inadequacy of
basic planning statistics with which planning processes would be based to
facilitate stand in the forefront against effective planning in Nigeria.
1.3
Research Questions
As a result of the
drawback in management efficiencies and effectiveness, most organizations ask
the following questions;
1.
Does planning
actually provide a basis for directing and guiding enterprise?
2.
Does planning
help to motivate employees and provide a sense of unity to the various groups
in the organization?
3.
How does
planning embodies the basic ideas and theories concerning organization?
4.
Will regular
planning increase the efficiency of an organization?
5.
Is there any
relationship between planning and efficiency in an organization?
1.4
Research Hypotheses
The following
hypotheses would be tested based on the data collected.
Hypothesis
1
Ho: The more planning organization do, the lesser the
efficiency of employees.
HI: The more planning organization do, the better the
efficiency of employees.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: The success of organization does not depend largely
on the planning procedures adopted.
HI: The success of organizations largely depends on the
planning procedures adopted.
Hypothesis
3
Ho: Adoption of planning technique will automatically
decrease the productivity of workers.
HI: Adoption of planning techniques will automatically
increase the productivity of workers.
1.5
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this
research study is to ascertain the level of planning efficiency in an
organization thus;
1.
Planning
provides a basis for directing and guiding the enterprise and thus provides
targets which enable efforts to be observed and aided.
2.
Planning helps
to motivate employees and provide a sense of unity to the various groups in the
organization, since an individual unit is an integral part of the total
organizational objectives.
3.
Planning
embodies the basic ideas and theories concerning what the organization is
trying to accomplish.
4.
Planning
improves business control by setting detailed standard for performances and
detailed analysis of vacancies.
5.
Planning helps
management to clarify focus and research their business or projects development
and prospects.
1.6
Scope of the Study
This research work
focuses on the impact of planning on the efficiency of four (4) selected
organizations in Edo State, Nigeria using questionnaire and direct interview.
And also covers the relationship that exists between planning as a management
tool and efficiency.
1.7
Significance of the Study
Effective planning
helps organization to improve their performance and profitability thus;
1.
Planning helps
organization to succeed: Organization that has introduced planning programmes
has been found to significantly out-performed and better than when their
planning was poor.
2.
Planning
provides directions and sense of purpose: Without planning, organization would
merely react to day to day events in their environment, but with effective
planning, attention is focused on stated objectives.
3.
Planning helps
managers cope with changes in the environment within which an enterprise is
located. It also helps the organization to cope with change in government
policies, consumer behaviour, technology etc. Through planning, a manager is
able to anticipate and prepare for possible future changes.
4.
Planning
contribute to the performance of other management functions. Planning sets the
stage for the execution of all the other managerial functions.
5.
Planning makes
activities orderly and purposeful; planning directs all efforts towards
expected result. By do doing activities and event are sequentially achieved.
This reduces unproductive efforts and creates a distinction between performance
and actual success.
6.
Planning
facilitates the effective use of facilities; through planning, managers make a
greater use of available resources and facilities planning enhance optimum
utilization of available resources.
1.8
Limitations of the Study
For the purpose of this
research study; the researcher focuses its attention on the impact of planning
on the efficiency of the organization.
In the course of this
research work, the researcher encountered series of problems ranging from time
constraint, financial constrain and poor response from those interviewed.
·
Time Constraint: The
time allocated to carryout this research study was too short coupled with other
logistic problems.
·
Financial Constraint: having considered the financial involvement and
other incidental expenses needed in sourcing for the necessary information. The
researcher was constrained to progress further with the investigation.
1.9
Operational Definition of Terms
1.
Planning: It
entails deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and for
whom to do it.
2.
Management: It
is a process of achieving desired results through the efficient utilization of
human and material resources.
3.
Effective planning: It involves selecting the best course of action from
the alternatives available to the organization in order to produce a
statistical result.
4.
Strategy: It
denotes a general programme of action and a deployment of emphasis and
resources towards the attainment of the over-all objectives.
5.
Efficiency: It
is referred to as the ability to perform a duty well and produce a statistical
result.
6.
Control: It
is a process of measuring and correcting actual performance to ensure that
plans for implementing the chose course of action are carried out.
7.
Organization: An
organization could be seen as a process of coordinating individual effort to
accomplish a common objective.
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