TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study
1.2 Statement of
the Problem
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Limitation of the Study
1.8 Scope of the
Study
1.9 Definition of Term
References
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
2.0 Introduction
2.1
Conceptual Perspectives of
Instructional Materials
2.2
Instructional Facilities and The
Teacher’s Attitude - Learning Process
2.3
Problems Associated With Teacher’s
Attitude and Learning Rate in Economics at the Lagos State Schools
2.4 Students’ Academic Performance
2.5 Instructional
Facilities and Students’ Academic Performance
2.6 Motivational
Theorists
2.7 The
Classicalist
2.8 Henri
Fayol (1841 -1925)
2.9 Max Weber
(1864 - 1925)
2.10 Frederick
Taylor (1865-1915)
2.11 The Behaviouralists
2.12 Elton Mayor (1880 -1949)
2.13 Douglas Mcgregor
2.14Theory X Assumption'
2.15 Theory
Y Assumptions
2.16 Comments
on the Theory X And Theory Y Assumptions.
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research
Design
3.2 Population
of the Study
3.3 Sample
and Sampling Technique
3.4 Research
Instrument and Instrumentation
3.5 Administration
of the Instrument
3.6 Validity
of Instrument
3.7 Reliability
of Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation,
Analysis and Interpretation
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Analysis of Respondents Bio-Data
4.3 Analysis of Operational Variables
4.4 Reliability
Test
4.5 Test
of Hypotheses
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix:
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE
STUDY
Learning
is a lifetime process. Continues learning equips one as a student with a larger
mastery of knowledge, a broader understanding of facts, a larger repository of
wisdom, and a better insight on life that will make better individual
responsible and upright human beings. On process of learning, students or
learner is the center of education. Studying their different aspects of a
student and their ways on attaining such goals will be of great impotance. As
such, the extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the
grades a student earns for a period of learning. It is believed that a grade is
a primary indicator of such learning. If a learner earns high grades it is
concluded that they may also have learned a lot while low grades indicate
lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are
also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be
definitely pointed out as predicting grades. It has been interplay of so many
factors – gender, daily allowance, social status, time and interest. (Ijaduola, 2007).
The
economic value of education started to generate greater analytical attention,
When it becomes clear that a substantial part of economic progress made
especially in the early 19th century by the industrialized nations
and very recently by the Asian tigers could be attributed to the development of
their educational system. (Akande,
2012).
The
value of teachers in preparing human 'being for a useful living is very high
and as contained in the national policy
on education (1977) reviewed in 1981 that teachers help to equip" students
to live effectively in a modem age of science and technology. This has made the
growing complexity (in terms of enrolment explosion, resource mobilization and
organization) of educational institution, and the increased societal demands
for more result oriented schools have made the duties of the staff in the
schools to be more critical in organizational behaviour. (Akinlaye, 2009)
Instructional
facilities are facilities which assist teachers
to make their lessons explicit to learners. They are also used to transmit
information, ideas and notes to learners (Ijaduola 2007). Instructional
materials include both visuals and audiovisuals such as pictures, flashcards,
posters, charts, tape recorder, radio, video, television, computers among
others. These materials serve as supplement to the normal processes of
instruction.
Economics
is an important subject that must be credited by students before gaining admission
into any tertiary institution especially the university to study relevant
courses like Accountancy, Business Administration, Insurance, etc. The
importance and technicality of this subject makes it necessary that relevant
instructional materials should be used to teach it to the learners. This fact
is supported by Macaulay (2009)
who asserts that visual aids make lesson come alive and help students to learn
better. He further states that an ample provision of visual and general
teaching materials is an evidence of teachers’ preparedness for the lesson.
Ehizojie (2009)
also summarises the importance of instructional materials as one of the ways of
relaxing in the classroom atmosphere, motivating the students and teaching a
subject creatively and interactively.
Obviously,
teachers attitudes have
been shown to have important influence on student's academic achievement and
they also play a crucial role in educational attainment because teachers are ultimately responsible for
translating policies into actions and principle based on the practice during
interaction with the students (AFE 2001).
The
word attitude, which is a manner form of approach, or outlook which must be satisfied.
All attitude are directed towards goals
and the needs and desire affect or change our behaviour which is goal oriented.
Effective job performance results from the interplay of three types of
resource, namely physical, financial and human.
Teachers attitudes determines what he
"can" do and his motives what
he "will" do. The ability can be measured and depends upon
background, skills and training. Many factors have contributed to the falling
standard of education; some of these factors are shortage of funds into the educational
sector, lack of qualified teachers, inadequate educational facilities such as adequate highly ventilated classrooms, well equipped library,
and adequate laboratory materials just to mention a few. (Mutebi, and Matovv, 2004)
All
these factors have contributed to non-challant attitude 'towards this
study attempts to examine the extent to which the utilization of instructional facilities could advance teacher's
attitudes on
students’ learning rate and performance in Lagos state schools.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
act of teaching
is fundamentally concerned with passing ideas, skills and attitude from the
teacher to the learner. In Lagos state,
for example experience has shown that spoken words alone in the communication
of ideas are grossly ineffective and inefficient in producing desired learning
outcomes. Every year, when the results of public examination are released,
there has always been mass failure in Economics. The reason for this could be
ascribed to the fact that there are topics in Economics that pose serious
problem of comprehension to students. These topics cannot be taught effectively
without the use of relevant instructional facilities
to make the learning practical. On the foregoing, scholars like Brunner, 2011 have emphasized the
effect of instructional facilities
utilisation on teacher’s attitude
and learning. According to them, we learn and remember 10% of what we hear, 40%
of what we discuss with others and as high as 80% of what we experience
directly or practice. However, the questions here are: does the use of
instructional facilities
really influence students’ academic performance? Is teacher’s attitude toward teaching
effectiveness enhanced by the use of instructional facilities?
Could
students’ learning be advanced by the use of instructional facilities? Finding answers to
these questions and more summarizes the entire problem of this study.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study includes:
i.
To examine the
influence of instructional facilities
and teacher’s attitude on the teaching in Lagos state Schools
ii.
To ascertain the extent
to which Secondary School student’s learning can be influenced by the use of
instructional facilities
iii.
To determine whether
there will be any difference in the academic performance of students due to the
use of instructional facilities.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In
order to achieve the objectives of this study, the following research questions
were raised to guide the investigation:
i.
Will the use of
instructional facilities
influence the teacher’s attitude on teaching
in Lagos Stage schools?
ii.
To what extent can secondary school students’
learning be influenced by the
use of instructional facilities?
iii.
Will there be any
difference in the academic performance of students due to the use of
instructional facilities?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The
following null hypotheses were stated for the study.
i.
The use of
instructional facilities
will not have significant influence on the teacher’s
attitudes on teaching in Lagos state schools.
ii.
The use of
instructional facilities
will not have significant influence on secondary school students’
learning.
iii.
There will be no
significant difference in the performance of students due to the use of
instructional facilities.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
use of instructional facilities
gives the teacher and learner
opportunity to touch, smell or taste objects in the teaching and learning
process. Consequently, knowledge passed unto the students at different levels
of educational instructions should be well planned and properly allied with
relevant instructional facilities
for clarity and comprehensibility. Hence the significance of this
study to the Teacher’s
attitude, students, curriculum planners,
educational system and the society at large.
To
the students, the effective use of instructional facilities would enable them to effectively learn
and retain what they have learnt and thereby advancing their performance in the
subject in question. This is because according to Nwadinigwe (2002), learning is a
process through which knowledge, skills, habits, facts, ideas and principles
are acquired, retained and utilized; and the only means of achieving this is through
the use of instructional materials.
The
study would help enhance teachers’ teaching effectiveness and productivity.
This is in line with assertion of Ekwueme and Igwe (2001) who noted that it is
only the teachers who will guarantee effective and adequate usage of
instructional materials and thereby facilitate success. Consequently a teacher
who makes use of appropriate instructional materials to supplement his teaching
will help enhance students’ innovative and creative thinking as well as help them
become plausibly spontaneous and enthusiastic. Oremeji (2002) supportively
asserts that any teacher who takes advantage of these resources and learns to
use them correctly will find that they make almost an incalculable contribution
to instruction. He further says that instructional materials are of high value
in importing information, clarifying difficult and abstract concepts,
stimulating thought, sharpening observation, creating interest and satisfying
individual difference.
The
study is also significant to the educational system and society at large. This
is because when teachers solidify their teaching with instructional materials
and the learners learn effectively, the knowledge acquired will reflect in the
society positively. Students will be able to understand the functioning of the
economy, interpret government’s economic policies and activity and perform
economically better in the choice of life and work.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work shall be dependent on the pieces of information supplied by the
teachers within the chosen samples of the target population. Also, there shall
be limitations on the part of instruments used for data collection, all the
sampled schools are located in Ifako-Ijaiye Education District, the result of
the study is not expected to differ from studies that may be conducted in other
parts of Lagos State.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
scope of this study is limited to Ifako-Ijaiye schools management committee
area of Lagos State, it is however suggested that further researches could be
extended to other schools management committees in Lagos.
This
study is focused on the impact
analysis of instructional facilities and teacher’s attitude on students’
learning rate and performance in Lagos State Schools.
Due to time and financial constraints, the study is limited to Kosofe Local
Government Area of Lagos. This is because the researcher resides in this local
government area and as such had the opportunity of having a comprehensive
knowledge of the area and its environs.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERM
ATTITUDE: Wikipedia free encyclopedia provides that “An attitude is a
hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or
dislike for an item”.
ATTITUDE
FORMATION: Unlike ‘personality’,
attitudes are expected to change as a function of experience.
EMOTION: Emotion is a common component in persuasion, social influence and
attitude change.
ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE: it is defined as the display of
knowledge attained or skills developed in school subjects designated by test
and examination scores or marks assigned by the subject teachers.
INSTRUCTIONAL
PLANNING: it is the process by which teachers
decide how best to select and organize a learning experience to maximize both
teacher and student achievement and satisfaction.
INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS: these are kind of tools or equipment
which can help effectively the instructor in theory teaching, classroom or in
practical assessment
METHODOLOGY/METHODS:
it is a means or pattern adopted by the teacher in passing message across to
the students
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