ABSTRACT
This study assessed the perception of organizational health and
safety on employee satisfaction; a study of De Jones Petroleum and Gas Limited.
The main objectives of the study were to ascertain the effect employee
perception of health and safety polices in an organization, to find out
employee job satisfaction in organization, to discover the effect of employee
perception of organizational health and safety on employee satisfaction and to
investigate the influence of employee perception of organizational health and
safety policies on employee job satisfaction. A quantitative survey research
design was utilized. The primary source of data collection was done through a
structured questionnaire. Judgment sampling was adopted to select the sample
containing one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. Frequency and percentage
tables were used to analyze the data gathered, while Pearson correlation
coefficient and Regression analysis were used in testing the formulated
hypothesis. The major findings of the study show that there is a significant
relationship between organizational health and safety policies and employee
satisfaction. It was therefore concluded that effective health and safety
management have been discovered to have positive correlation with increased
employee satisfaction which engenders organizational performance and
profitability, as the costs associated with the absence of it could be highly
minimized. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that
management should develop effective health and safety policy and ensure its
effective implementation within the organization. It was also recommended that
health and safety department or unit should be established, with specific
responsibilities, built into the firm's organizational structure, with
competent leadership. Furthermore, management should incorporate selected
workers in the development of health and safety program for the firm, to
enhance their commitments in the implementation of health and safety policy, as
well as compliance with the relevant safety and health standards and
procedures.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study 1
1.2
Statement of the Problem 5
1.3
Aim and Objectives of the Study 6
1.4
Relevant Research Questions 7
1.4 Relevant
Research Hypotheses 7
1.5 Significance
of the Study 7
1.7 Scope of the Study 8
1.8 Definition
of Terms 9
References 10
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Preamble 12
2.2 Theoretical
Framework 12
2.2.1 Maslow's Hierarchy
of Needs 12
2.3 Empirical
Review of the Previous Study 18
2.3.1 The
Importance of Health and Safety Policies in Organization 24
2.3.2 Organizational Health, Safety Policies and
Employee Satisfaction 28
References 33
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Preamble 36
3.2 Research
Design 36
3.3 Population
of the Study 36
3.4 Sampling,
Procedure and Sample Size 36
3.5 Data
Collection Instrument and Validation 37
3.6 Method
of Data Analysis 37
3.7 Limitation of the Methodology 37
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
4.1
Preamble 38
4.2 Analysis
of Respondents According To Their Socio-Demographic Characteristics38
4.2 Presentation
and Analysis of Data According to Research Questions Respondents 38
Bio-data
4.3 Test
of Hypotheses Research Question 3 44
4.4
Discussion of Findings 46
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Introduction 47
5.2 Summary of Findings of the Study 47
5.3
Conclusion 48
5.4
Recommendations 49
Bibliography 51
Appendix 55
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background to the
Study
Organization is made up of group of people who come together to
achieve a common goal (Ogundele, 2012). As highlighted in related literatures
(Ezekiel, Nandi, Thuo&Wanyonyi; 2012 and Agbola, 2012), it is a common
knowledge that wherever there are people or group of people working or staying
together, health and safety matters will naturally be a concern, although the
magnitude may vary due to the level of risk exposure that are peculiar to some
organizations. According to Amposah-Tawaih and Dartey-Baah (2014), human
resource practitioners have realized the need to maintain healthy and safe
workplace programmes and activities as a source of competitive advantage to
curtail increasing health care costs; assist in the attraction, acquisition and
retention of employees; better manage the employer-employee relationship; meet
the needs of an increasingly diverse workforce, and boost employee morale,
Okoye and Okolie (2014) pointed out that, health and safety issues has been
brought to the fore as a result of the need for organization to achieve its
goals/objectives through a sustained growth and competitive advantage, thereby
contributing to the collective wellbeing of the society. This assertion
presupposes that employees' health and safety is paramount in the achievement
of the organizational set goal. According to Dwornoh, Owusu and Addo (2013),
the extent of health and safety policies in organization in which employees
operate goes a long way to determine the success or failure of such
organization. According Gyekye (2005), safety is the condition of being
protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, emotional,
occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of
failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be
considered non-desirable. Dwomoh, Owusu and Addo (2013) stated that health and
safety is not only a sound socioeconomic and political policy; rather a basic
human right. The further warned that all activities and arrangements in
organization must be in the right position to protect and safeguard human lives
from work- related accidents and illness.
The concern for health and safety management is informed by the
damaging consequences that follows the failures of organization's management to
protect and pay adequate attention to the health and safety of their workers
and thus, to comply with occupational health and safety legislation as to
fulfill their responsibilities as an employer to ensure that workers have a
safe work-place (Hale, Heming, Carthey&Kirwan, 1997 as cited in Nor,
Jeffery, Krassi, Rumchevb, &Satvinder, 2009). A positive safety culture can
be an effective tool for enhancing employee job satisfaction in an organization
and creating good atmosphere in the workplace (Padmakumar, Swapna&Gantasala,
2011), By extension the opinion of Padmakumar, Swapna and Gantasala, (2011)
suggest that an effective and efficient health and safety policies will help
organizations to benefit financially through reduced lost work hours and
accident related compensation cost, increased employees' motivation, higher
quality product, and reduced turnover; all -of which lead to improved employee
satisfaction. This means that organizations ought to ensure that employees are
not exposed to a risk level that will affect their physical, emotional and
mental health. Ezekiel, Nandi, Thuo and Wanyonyi (2012) Observed that, most
organizations in Africa do not give adequate attention to health and safety
policies; They further posited that employees that work in a healthy and safe
environment will certainly be feeling satisfied and motivated to give their
best.
According to Ria, Anis, and Oci (2012), the purpose of health and
safety policies is to create a safe working environment and employees are
protected from workplace accidents or from adverse events. Health and safety
according to (Tiwani, 2014) as it relates with employee job satisfaction is a
difficult metric to measure, but forward-thinking organizations realize that it
does exist and can therefore justify the costs of their safety programs as
compared to the productivity benefits that they provide. Locke (1969) as cited
in Gyekye (2005) defined employee job satisfaction as the extent to which employees
experience positive feelings towards his/her job. In similar manner,
Locke(1979) in Gyekye (2005) describes job satisfaction to be a pleasurable or
positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job
experiences and as a function of the perceived relationship between what one
wants from one's job and what one perceives it as offering. These definitions
create a link between employees' job satisfaction and the perception of work
environment in terms of health and safety. It can be deduced that these
definitions accounted for the prompt increase in the urgent need for the
improvement of employee job satisfaction and the recognition accorded to it
today by human resources practitioners. Casio (1996) as cited in Makori, Thou,
Kiongera and Muchiwa (2013) pointed out that the employees just like any other
resources require maintenance and care so as to maximize their productivity.
The provisions of this important aspect of organization's life becomes crucial
because organizational objective states what the organization is set out to do
and achieve in organization's line of business using available human capital.
Agbola (2012) defined health and safety policies as an aspect of management
function that deals specifically with all processes that ensure protecting
employees and other people affected by an organisation's activities, products
and services against hazards. The health and safety policies are critical to
the attainment of organizational goals. Akpan (2011) expressed that the
realization of employees as the most important of all the assets, in
contemporary management, may be based on its inevitable role in the
manipulation of all other organizational assets or resources for productivity.
Akpan (2011) further observed that management perception of human importance in
the organizational setting has been exhibited through deliberate strategic
decisions directed at the attraction of desired labor and one of such strategic
decisions can be demonstrated by effort of the organization to provide safe and
healthy work environment.
Health and safety policies are all the measures put in place to
ensure that all the employees of an organization are protected against harm of
any form (Tiwani, 2014). According to Yusuf and Metiboba, (2012), the various
health and safety measures provided by the employer will have immediate impact
on the health, physical and mentalefficiency alertness, morale and overall efficiency
of the worker and thereby stimulating a higher employee satisfaction and
organizational productivity. Employees' morale and motivation are bound to be
affected, if they feel unsafe in the workplace (Freeman, 2010 as cited in
Animashaun&Odeku, 2014). Some of the facilities and services which fail
within the purview of health and safety management are: adequate canteen
facilities, accommodation arrangements, re-creational facilities, medical
facilities and transportation facilities (Sageer, Rafat&Agarwal, 2012).
Health they say is wealth and a healthy person is likely to be more productive.
It is on premise of this statement .that most manufacturing and service
organizations give priority to health and safety of their employees. Health
care is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury,
and other physical and mental impairments in human beings.
According to Akinyele as (2010) as cited in Yusuf and Metiboba,
(2012), about 80% of productivity problems reside in the work environment of
organizations. Business is full of risks and uncertainties and the ability of
any organization to respond successfully to the challenges posed by the present
dynamic nature of economic situations will largely depend on how well the
organization can effectively and efficiently utilize the human resources at its
disposal (Ogundele, 2012). Ogundele (2012) further posited that the employees
are generally regarded as the most dynamic of all the factors that are employed
for the creation of wealth, having the potential to energize and serve as
catalyst to all the other resources. Organizations are made up of people
individual and groups who carry out assigned function for the smooth
functioning of the organization (Ogundele, 2012). Employee satisfaction is therefore
paramount to the survival and success of any organization. Okoye and Okolie
(2014) pointed out that, health and safety policy in organizations has assumed
a world-wide phenomenon as a result of the need for organization to achieve
sustained growth and competiveness advantage thereby contributing to the
collective wellbeing of our society. This suggests the employee satisfaction as
it relate with health and safety is key is achieving the organizational set
goals/objectives. Hence, organizational success no doubt depends largely on how
wellworkers are cared for in terms of health and safety practices put in place,
by management. Casio (1996) as cited in Makori, Thou, Kiongera and Muchilwa
(2013) maintained that, management can enjoy maximum utilization of their
employees only when their health and safety are adequately taken care of. In
the same breath, Pike (2000) as cited in Makori, Thou, Kiongera and Muchilwa
(2013) noted that health and safety policies are an integral part of
organizations' function and responsibility geared towards inducing employee
satisfaction so as to achieve the desired goals of the organization. The
implication of the assertion of Makori, Thou, Kiongera and Muchilwa (2013) is
that health and safety policies are key factors that enhance the competitive
status of an organization in both domestic and foreign markets through employee
job satisfaction and this is what is required to put Nigeria and other
developing countries back on the path of economic recovery and growth. Jones, Isaac,
Umeadi and Umeokafor (2014) was reasonably correct when they asserted that, the
failure of government regulation and enforcement in this area has been the
cause of poor health and safety management in many organizations especially in
the developing countries, unlike other developed countries of the world like
UK, Germany, USA and a host of others. This study is geared towards unraveling
the relationship between the organizational health and safety on employee job
satisfaction in Dee Jones Petroleum and Gas Ltd.
1.2 Statement of the
Problem
It is a common phenomenon that in most manufacturing concern and
even service organizations, one of the greatest challenges is the indirect cost
incurred as a result of poor working .environment, ill-health and cost of
accidents (Animashaun&Odeku, 2014), The assertion of Animashaun&Odeku,
2014 suggest that a workplace environment adjudged to be unsafe and unhealthy
portends a negative implication on the employees' job satisfaction which can
degenerate to loss of profitability to the organization and poor productivity
by employees. According to hunter and Tietyen 1997; potterfield (1999) as cited
in Sageer, Rafat and Agarwal (2012), where there is inequity indistribution of
health schemes and safety measures, it can exert influence on affected workers'
job satisfaction and when employees are not satisfied with their jobs, it
affects employees' productivity. The major challenge to providing health and
safety schemes is funding (Okoye&Okolie, 2014). It cost an organization a
lot of financial resources to provide, most especially health measures. In most
cases, the health and safety measures provided by management of an organization
especially in developing countries like Nigeria falls short of employees
expectations (Yusuf &Metiboba, 2012). In some cases corruption influences'
the practices of health and safety management, and when this happens, it breeds
contempt and create internal conflict which if not properly managed can
demoralize and lower the employees job satisfaction (Akpan, 2011). It is based
on this identified problems that researcher is motivated to undertake the
present study. Accordingly, appropriate objectives are framed below as a
necessary step towards accomplishing this study.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the
Study
The aim of the study is to explore the effect of perception of
health and safety policies on employee satisfaction in Dee Jones Petroleum and
Gas Ltd at Beachland estate in Lagos Nigeria,
i. To ascertain the employee perception of
health and safety polices in anorganization.
ii. To find out employee job satisfaction in
organization.
iii. To discover the effect of employee perception
of organizational health andsafety on
employee satisfaction,
iv. To
investigate the influence of employee perception of organizationalhealth and
safety policies on employee job satisfaction.
1.4 Relevant Research
Questions
i. What is employee
perception of health and safety polices?
ii. What is the level
of employee job satisfaction?
iii. What
is the influence of employee perception of organizational health on safety
policies on employee job satisfaction?
.
iv. How does employee perceptionof
organizational health and safety influence employee job satisfaction?
1.4 Relevant Research Hypotheses
Ho: There is no influence employee perception
of organizational health and safetypolicies on employee job satisfaction.
H1: There is an influence employee
perception of organizational health and safelypolicies on employee job
satisfaction.
Ho: There is no
influence of employee perception of organizational health and safety and
employee job satisfaction.
hi: There is an influence of employee perception of organizational
health and safety on employee job satisfaction.
1.5 Significance of the Study
Health and safety policies are is a necessity in every
organization today. Employees have to be kept motivated at all times through
various measures and activities. This strengthens their sense of belongingness
and responsibility towards the company. Health and safer, play a vital role at
any stage of every human being. Hence, organizations have to secure the
co-operation of employees in order to increase the production and to earn
higher profits. The co-operation of employees is possible only when they are
fully satisfied with their employer and the working conditions on the job. In
the past, industrialists and the employers believed that their only duty
towards their employees was to pay them satisfactory wages and salaries. But in
the present era the total scenario has changed a lot. along with health and
safety issues taking center stage in the organization.
On this note, it is imperative to point out that, any research
study is basically conducted to solve identified problem(s). Hence, the
significance of this research is to proffersolutions
bothering on health and safety policies as it relates with the employee job
satisfaction in organization. It will suggest possible ways on how resources
committed to providing health and safety measures can be recouped through
employees' satisfaction and commitment to organizational goals and objectives.
It will expose employees on how they can benefit from advantages associated
with provided health and safety services. Upon completion, this research will
contribute to existing literature in the area of health and safety policies.
The findings of the study will contribute immensely towards the establishment
of effective and efficient health and safety practices at work place to enable
employee comply with the rapid change brought in by technology. In addition, it
will be useful for future researchers as it is intended to serve as a pointer
for further studies in this area. ' -
1.7 Scope of
the Study
The study was carried out to investigate effect of perception of
health and safety policies on employee satisfaction in Dee Jones Petroleum and
Gas Ltd. This was achieved through identifying the health and safety
activities, determining how health and safety practices influence employee
satisfaction and ascertaining the challenges faced in the implementation of health and safety practices as well as
exploring the appropriate techniques of implementing occupational health and
safety practices in the organization. Furthermore, it is expected that the
employee satisfaction is a function of so many variables. In view of these
complex variables that influence employee satisfaction, this research work will
be restricted to the effect of perception health and Safety policies on
employee satisfaction, a study of Dee Jones Petroleum and Gas Ltd.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Conflict: This is the process that
brings disagreement, discontent, and dissatisfaction in the relationship
between one person and the other or among various stakeholders in the
organization competing for scarce resources.
Commitment: It is the act of binding
oneself to organizational goals, either through intellectual or emotional
feeling.
Employee Turnover: This is the
rate at which employees leave or enter the organization. Health: It is a
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Health and Safety Management: This is
organized efforts and procedures for identifying workplace hazards and
reducing accidents and exposure to harmful situations
Management: This art of getting
things done through and with people.
Motivation: It is the set of factors
that influences employees to engage in a particular behaviour.
Safety: It is an environment free from
injury and hazards,
Welfare: It is the provision of
facilities and amenities as would enable the worker in factories and industries
to perform their work in healthy atmosphere and high morale.
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