ABSTRACT
Calcium is the most important mineral in the body. The body needs calcium
for normal functioning of nerves and muscles including the most important
muscles of all which is the heart. Calcium is also important for healthy bones
and teeth. The amount of calcium in the blood is carefully controlled by the
body’s hormonal systems. The body gets calcium from diary products, some
vegetables (such as broccoli), and some fortified foods. Calcium can also be
obtained from taken pills containing calcium. Most of the body’s calcium is
stored in the bones and only small amount is found in the blood (serum).
Calcium is maintained within a fairly narrow range from 8.5 to 10.5mg/dl (4.3
to 5.3meq/l or 2.2 to 2.7mmol/l). The estimation of serum calcium level is
fraught with possible errors. Several means of contamination might lead to
false elevations of serum calcium concentration. Before the test is carried
out, one does not need to fast or limit ones activity before the test. Rather
certain medicine/drugs needed to be avoided before the test, because they might
affect the test result. The result of the experiment can be calculated, since
the differences in serum calcium is significance with the age differences.
Those with the age bracket (50 years & above) have lesser serum calcium
level than those in the range of 20 to 30 years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
List of table and
Figures
Table of content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0.0: Introduction
1.1.0: The amount of
calcium in the body
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.0: Literature
review
2.1.0: Reasons for
serum calcium test
2.2.0: Techniques for
serum calcium test
2.3.0: Factors that
determines the serum calcium test
2.4.0: Values of serum
calcium fractions
2.5.0: Effects of
abnormalities in serum calcium levels
2.6.0: Biological
functions of inorganic ions
2.7.0: Clinical
significance of serum calcium
2.7.1: Causes of
hypocalcaemia
2.7.2: Causes of
hypercalceamia
2.8.0: Effector organs
2.8.1: Sources
2.8.2: Excretion
2.8.3: The roles of
bone
2.8.4: Interaction of
calcium with other chemicals
2.8.5: Regulatory
organs
CHAPTER THREE
3.0.0: Methodology/ Instruments
3.1.0: Instruments used
3.2.0: Collection of
specimens
3.3.0: Methodology
3.3.1: Principle of the
test
3.3.2: Procedure used
3.3.3: Calculation of
the results
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0.0: Experimental
result
4.1.0: Statistical
analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.0:Discussion/ conclusion
5.1.0: Discussion
5.2.0: Conclusions
5.3.0: References
5.4.0: Recommendation
LIST OF TABLE OF FIGURES
Table 1. Equipment used
Table 2. Reagents used
Table 3. Statistical tables
CHAPTER ONE
1.1.0: INTRODUCTION
Serum Calcium level in
Geriatric men
Calcium is the most common mineral in the body and one of the most
important elements. The body needs it to build and fix bones and teeth,
help nerves work, make muscles squeeze together, help blood clot, and help the heart to work. Almost all
of the calcium in the body is stored in the bone. The rest is found in the
blood.
Normally the level of calcium in the blood is carefully controlled. When
blood calcium levels get low (hypocalcemia), the bones
release calcium to bring it back to a normal blood level. When blood calcium
levels get high (hypercalcemia),
the extra calcium is stored in the bones or passed out of the body in urine and
stool.
The of serum calcium level appears to be associated with
blood pressure and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
1.2.0: The amount of calcium
in the body depends on the amount of:
·
Dietary Calcium.
·
Calcium and vitamin D absorb by intestines.
·
Phosphate in the body.
·
Certain hormones, including parathyroid
hormone, calcitonin,
and estrogen in the body.
Vitamin D: these hormones help control the amount of calcium in the body.
They also control the amount of calcium absorbed from food and the amount
passed from the body in urine and stool. The blood levels of phosphate are
closely linked to calcium levels and they work in opposite ways: As blood
calcium levels get high, phosphate levels get low, and the opposite is also
true.
The aim and objective of this study is to:
·
Determine the serum calcium levels in
geriatric men aged 50 years and above.
·
Compare the values obtained with age
group 20 to 30 years.
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