ABSTRACT
Sanitation
practice implication on student’s health in Enugu State College of Education
(Technical) has been the desire of every right thinking for good health of both
the students and lecturers in the above school. The purposes of this study is
to investigate the causes of poor sanitation practices on students health in
ESCET, the dangers and the strategies which could be employ to curb poor
sanitation in ESCET. One hundred questionnaire were administered to the
respondents, which was correctly answered by the respondents without mistakes
five research question, each focusing on the formulated. A descriptive
statistic using mean was adopted for data analysis. Finding from their study
showed that, regular clean up exercise, formulating the environment, illiteracy
constitutes the problems of poor sanitation practices. The study was concluded
with the recommendation which includes that the school management should employ
laborers, make provision for facilities, and formulate the environment. The
researchers believed that if all these are put in place, it will enhance
sanitation practices in the school, thereby improving student’s health.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statements Of Problem
1.3 Purpose Of The Study
1.4 Significance Of The Study
1.5 Research Questions:-
1.6 Scope And Limitation Of The Study
1.7
Definition Of Terms
1.8
Organization Of The Study
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Concept Of Environmental Sanitation
2.3
Types Of Sanitation
2.3.1
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
2.3.2
Dry sanitation
2.3.3
Ecological sanitation
2.4
General Sanitation Problems
2.5
Sanitation And Hygiene Practices
2.6
Factors Influencing Sanitation
2.6.1
Physical Environment Factors
2.6.2
Biological Environmental Factors
2.6.3
Climatic Factors
2.7
The Need For Hygiene And Sanitation Management
2.8
Components Of Environmental Health
2.8.1
Safe Water Supply
2.8.2
Water Borne Diseases
2.8.3
Typhoid Fever
2.8.4
Dysentery
2.9
Refuse Disposal
2.9.1
Refuse Collection
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research
Design
3.2
Sources Of
Data Collection
3.3
Population Of
The Study
3.4
Sample And
Sampling Procedure
3.5 Instrument For Data
Collection
3.6
Validation Of The Research Instrument
3.7
Method Of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1
Introduction
Data
Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Summary
5.3
Conclusion
5.4
Recommendations
References
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
World
Health Organization defined sanitation as the means of collecting and disposing
excreta and community liquids, waste in a hygienic way. So as not to endanger
the health and welfare and also for the social and environmental effects, it
may have on people; people have been suffering from one disease to another
without knowing the problems of their illness, the situation and due to
distress or dirty environment. Cleanliness is next to Godliness.
Similarly, Iheke (2010) sees sanitation as the process of keeping places clean
and hygienic especially by providing a sewage system and a clean water supply.
Sanitation refers to all conditions that affects the health of people in a
geographical area. Billions of people still live without access to sanitation
facilities and are unable to practice such basic hygienic as washing their
hands with soap and water.
Disease
related to poor sanitation and water availability because many people to die of
sickness like cholera, diarrhea, malaria, typhoid, which damages the body
tissues. Children are most vulnerable to health hazards and consequently are
affected the most. In 1998, 2.2 million people died because of poor sanitation,
which the vast majority were children.
In 1950 the world health organization’s expert committee on environmental
sanitation defines environmental sanitation as the control of community, water
supplies, excreta and waste water disposal, refuse disposal, vector of
diseases, housing conditions, food supplies and handling conditions, food
supplies and atmospheric conditions and the safety of the working environment.
Environmental problems have grown in complexity especially with the advent of
radiation and chemical hazards. Meanwhile the world needs for the basic
sanitation services (like drinking water supply, excreta and waste water disposal),
have greatly increased as a result of rapid population growth and highly
expectations.
There
has been considerable awareness of water supply in institution, but the
problems of excreta and waste disposal have receive less attention. In Enugu
State College of Education (Technical), everywhere is littered with pure water
polythene, pieces of papers and so on, without proper disposal. In order to
focus attention of these problems. Sanitation exercise should be done daily to
keep the environment clean by employing labourers that will help keep the
school clean. Environments should be formulated in order to kill dangerous
animals like snake, scorpion etc.
In
school hostels, there are problems of over-crowding and these affects the
health of the students in the hostel. More than 200 students share four (4)
toilets. Mostly girls in hostel have inadequate sanitation facilities. With
this premise, the researchers seek to find out the implication of sanitation
practices on students health in Enugu State College of Education (Technical).
Inadequate sanitation and water in school jeopardize not only the student’s
health but also their attendance. Girls in particular area likely to be kept
out of school, if there is no sanitation.
Seminars
should be organized in institutions to help educate students more, especially
girls in the hostel on menstrual hygiene, sanitation hygienic practices, and
cleanliness in the surroundings. To make everywhere conducive for teaching and
learning, lack of skills and this have hindered the educational prospects of
girls residing in the hostel. Flies petch on dirts, toilet etc and later petch
on uncovered foods and all this are dangerous to human health.
1.2 STATEMENTS
OF PROBLEM
Control
of pests, waste disposal had become a problem in our environment because of
poor sanitation practices. Diseases related to poor sanitation and water
availability causes many people to die of sickness like cholera, diarrhea,
malaria, typhoid which damages the body tissues.
Waste
generation is a major cause of dirtiness in the hostel due to the large number
of students and if not properly manage may cause a lot of harm than good,
wastes are generated on daily basis through different activities of human being
and if not disposed of properly the way it should,they lead to pollution of the
environment having serious implications on the health of the students residing
in the hostel (Earthwatch, 2007). Different institutional bodies have been set
up at different levels for environmental sanitations and tertiary institution
like the University of Calabar is of no difference so as to ensure that
students waste are properly disposed in a quest for the students residing in
the hostel to be in good health. In a study carried out by Ogeah and Ikelegbe
(2007) reveals that students are nonchalant about the cleanliness of their
hostels and their environment generally. They further illustrated that even
with availability of cleaners that students contribute to the poor hostel
sanitation practices and this go a long way to affect the students’ health.
Students contribute to poor hostel sanitation practices by the laziness of
students to use facilities provided by the school authority for waste disposal
in the hostels. Outside cleaning their rooms in the hostels most of the
students feel it is humiliating for them to tidy their surroundings. Even
though the University system has hired cleaners to clean the hostels these
cleaners are poorly supervised and with them not doing their jobs properly the
hostel surrounding becomes a breeding site for all sorts of dangerous insects
and pests such as mosquito which can expose the students to malaria, tsetse fly
which when a student is bitten by will cause sleeping sickness and some
many more insect with different health complications, even some students go as
far as urinating and defecating indiscriminately outside the hostels because
they cannot clean the dirty toilets themselves and in the long run they will
still come to those polluted areas to carry out their daily activities like
cooking, washing of clothes etc.
It is
a widely accepted fact that students are known for their laziness and ego, many
of them tend to leave their area of residence without taking care of it only to
be waiting for cleaners to clean it for them but even as that the hostels are
always very dirty because things are not done appropriately for example a
student urinating in the front of the hostel where it shouldn’t be is
indirectly calling for mosquitoes to breed around the hostel and this is also
the case in the area of focus for this study. However, it is not clear on the
extent in which school management and student union government (SUG) have
contributed in curbing poor sanitation practices. The problem of this study is
to find out the strategies which could be employ to provide facilities to
students to reduce dirtiness.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study is to find out the implication of sanitation practices on
students health in Enugu State college of Education (technical). Specifically
this study was to:
i) Identify
the causes of poor sanitation practices on student’s health in Enugu State College
of Education (Technical)
ii) Determine
the extent in which the school management have contributed in providing facilities
that will enhance sanitation practices in Enugu State College of Education
(Technical) Enugu.
iii) Find
out the strategies that could be employed to curb dirtiness in Enugu State
College of Education (Technical).
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The findings
of this study will enable the students in Enugu State College of Education, to
better understand and cultivate a clean environment because cleanliness is next
to Godliness. The finding will help the following people:
The students to know the needs of hygiene or health practices, because
cleanliness in next to Godliness and also enable to have a sound health, if
sanitation is practiced by the students, sickness and diseases will be reduced.
To the school management: The findings will help the school management to
provide adequate facilities that will enable the labourers to keep the
environment clean and tidy, also provide fund for buying disinfectant and
Antiseptic, and also paying the labourers.
Government:
The findings will help the government, to formulate a policies that will enable
their follow students keep the environment clean and regulations on the school.
Also they serve as a mediator between the management and the students.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS:-
In
order to find answers to the objective of this study, the researchers
formulated the following research questions.
1. Do
the students of Enugu State College of Education have knowledge of basic
personal hygiene?
2. Are
there proper hygienic practices among students in Enugu State College of Education
pupils?
3. Are
there measures put in place to help students maintain good hygiene practice in
Enugu State College of Education?
4. What
are the causes of poor sanitation practices on student’s health in Enugu State
college of Education (Technical)?
5. What
are the dangers of poor sanitation practices on student’s health in Enugu State
College of Education (Technical) Enugu?
6. What
are the strategies that could be employed to improve sanitation in Enugu State
college of Education (Technical) Enugu?
1.6
SCOPE and LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The
scope of the study was delimited to determining the implication of sanitation
practice in student’s health in schools especially those in hostel in Enugu
State College of Education (Technical).
In the cause of the study, the researcher encounters
some limitations which limited the scope of the study;
Time
constraint: The researcher will
simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently
will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
Inadequate
Materials: Scarcity of material is
also another hindrance. The researcher finds it difficult to long hands in
several required material which could contribute immensely to the success of
this research work.
Financial
constraint: Insufficient fund
tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant
materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection
(internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.8
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Sanitation: Sanitation is defined as
the prevention of
human contact with feces and
the proper treatment and disposal of wastewater. Sanitation also includes
promoting hygiene on a personal level through washing hands with soap.
Practice: The
actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories
relating to it.
Implication: An implication is
something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When you left the gate
open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.
Undergraduate: An undergraduate is
a college or university student who's not a graduate student. After high
school, you can become an undergraduate.
Hygiene: Hygiene is
a set of practices performed to preserve health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
"Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health
and prevent the spread of diseases.
Health: Health is
the level of functional and metabolic efficiency
of a living organism.
In humans it is the ability of individuals or
communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental,
psychological and social changes with environment.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview,
of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research
question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms
and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical
framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the
study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and
presentation of finding. Chapter five
gives summary, conclusion and also recommendations made of the study.
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