ABSTRACT
Door handles are frequently touched surfaces that can harbor a variety of microorganisms, posing a risk to public health. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria associated with door handles within Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse. A total of 50 door handle swab samples were collected from different locations within the polytechnic and cultured on various types of agar plates. The isolated bacteria were identified using Gram staining, biochemical tests, and colonial morphology. The results showed that 80% of the door handles were contaminated with bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. The study highlights the importance of regular cleaning and disinfection of door handles and other frequently touched surfaces to prevent the spread of infections. The findings of this study can inform the development of effective infection control measures within the polytechnic community.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval Page
- - - - - - - - - iii
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - iv
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - v
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - vi
Table of
Contents - - - - - - - - - vii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - ix
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Background of the Study - - - - - - - 9
1.2
Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - 10
1.3
Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - 12
1.4
Justification - - - - - - - - - 12
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
Description of bacteria - - - - - - - - 14
2.2
Types of bacteria - - - - - - - - 15
2.3
Door handle - - - - - - - - - 16
2.4
Precautions and preventions - - - - - - - 16
2.4
Precautions and preventions - - - - - - 16
2.5.0
External factors influencing bacteria - - - - - - 17
2.5.1
Material used in making door handle - - - - - - 17
2.5.2
Temperature - - - - - - - - - 18
2.5.3
Location - - - - - - - - - 18
2.5.4
Knobs vs handles - - - - - - - - 19
2.6.0
Notable diseases - - - - - - - - - 19
2.6.1
Common cold - - - - - - - - - - 19
2.6.2 Meningitis - - - - - - - 19
2.6.3
Swine flu - - - - - - - - - 20
2.6.4
Calicivirus - - - - - - - - - 20
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Study of Area - - - - - - - - 22
3.2
Sample Collection - - - - - - - - 22
3.3
Sample Population - - - - - - - - 22
3.3.1
Media Preparation - - - - - - - - 22
3.3.2
Preparation Nutrients Agar - - - - - - - 22
3.3.3
Preparation of MacConkey Agar - - - - - - 23
3.3.4
Sample Collection - - - - - - - - 23
3.3.5
Sub Culture/Purification of Colonies - - - - - - 23
3.3.6
Gram Staining - - - - - - - - - 23
3.3.7
Method of Gram Staining - - - - - - - 23
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - 25
4.2 Results - - - - - - 25
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - 29
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 29
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - 29
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Background of the Study
In
recent years, the study of bacterial contamination on frequently touched
surfaces has gained significant attention due to its implications for public
health. Door handles, as one of the most commonly touched surfaces, are
potential reservoirs for a variety of pathogenic microorganisms(Otteret al.,
2020). This is especially true in high-traffic areas like educational
institutions, where numerous individuals interact with these surfaces daily.
Understanding the types and prevalence of bacteria present on door handles can
provide insights into the potential health risks associated with their
use(Lopez et al., 2019).
Door
handles are critical touchpoints in public spaces and are often overlooked as
potential reservoirs of infectious agents. These surfaces are frequently
touched by numerous individuals, making them prime locations for the transfer
of bacteria, including pathogens that can cause diseases. Studies have
demonstrated that surfaces such as door handles can harbor a variety of
bacteria, some of which are capable of surviving for extended periods. The
transmission of bacteria through contact with contaminated surfaces is a
well-documented pathway for the spread of infectious diseases, particularly in
high-traffic environments like educational institutionsional institutions(Otteret
al., 2020), are characterized by a high density of people who frequently
interact with shared surfaces. This environment facilitates the rapid spread of
microorganisms, including bacteria, across various surfaces. Research has shown
that surfaces in educational institutions, particularly those in communal areas
such as classrooms, restrooms, and libraries, can become contaminated with a
diverse range of bacterial species. These bacteria can include both
non-pathogenic and pathogenic types, with the latter posing significant health
risks to students, staff, and visitors (Lopez et al., 2019).
Recelighted
the importance of understanding the microbial ecology of surfaces in public
spaces to mitigate the risk of disease outbreaks. The presence of bacteria such
as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and other
opportunistic pathogens on door handles is particularly concerning due to their
ability to cause infections ranging from mild skin conditions to more severe
diseases, such as pneumonia and septicemia . The prevalence of antibitant
strains of bacteria on surfaces further exacerbates this public health issue,
making it imperative to regularly monitor and assess bacterial contamination on
high-touch surfaces within educational settings (Kassem& Sigler, 2022).
Moreover,
the COVID-19 pandemic cored the importance of maintaining high standards of
hygiene in public spaces to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Although
the primary mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 is respiratory, fomite
transmission—wherein the virus is transferred via contaminated surfaces—remains
a concern(Boyce et al., 2021). This has renewed interest in the role
that surfaces, including door handles, play in the transmission of not just
viral but also bacterial pathogens. Consequently, there is an increased
emphasis on the need for comprehensive studies that can provide data to support
the development of effective cleaning and disinfection protocols tailored to
the specific microbial challenges faced by institutions like Jigawa State
Polytechnic.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The
widespread use of door handles in educational institutions poses a potential
health risk, especially when these surfaces become contaminated with pathogenic
bacteria. Despite the critical role that door handles play in daily
interactions, there is a lack of sufficient data on the microbial contamination
of door handles within Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse. This gap in knowledge
raises concerns about the potential spread of infectious diseases among
students, staff, and visitors. Addressing this issue is essential for
implementing effective hygiene practices and preventing disease outbreaks
within the institution.
1.3
Aim and Objectives
Aim:
The aim of this study is to isolate and identify bacteria associated with door handles
within Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse, and to assess the potential health
risks posed by these microorganisms.
Objectives:
1.
To collect and analyze samples
from door handles of public toilets within Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse.
2.
To isolate and identify the
bacterial species present on these door handles.
3.
To determine the whether the
identified bacteria is pathogenic in nature.
4.
To recommend appropriate hygiene
practices to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.
1.4
Justification
This
study is justified by the need to understand the microbial contamination of
frequently touched surfaces within educational institutions. By focusing on
door handles at Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse, the study aims to provide
valuable data that can inform public health strategies to prevent the spread of
infectious diseases. The findings will also contribute to the existing
literature on environmental microbiology and could serve as a basis for further
research on microbial contamination in other public spaces. Additionally, the
study's results may prompt the implementation of more rigorous cleaning
protocols and raise awareness about the importance of hand hygiene among
students and staff.
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Scope:
The study will focus on the isolation and identification of bacteria from door
handles within Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse. Samples will be collected from
various departments and common areas within the institution to ensure a
comprehensive analysis of bacterial contamination. The study will primarily
target bacteria, with a focus on identifying potentially pathogenic species.
Limitation:
The study may be limited by factors such as the availability of resources for
extensive microbial analysis and the potential for seasonal variation in
bacterial contamination, which might not be fully captured within the study
period. Additionally, the study will not cover viral or fungal contaminants,
limiting the scope of the microbial assessment to bacteria alone. Furthermore,
the findings may not be generalizable to other institutions or public spaces
outside Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse.
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