ABSTRACT
A total of twenty four (24) crossbred (landrace ×large white) weaned pigs of average weight 12.26 0.54kg were randomly assigned to four (4) treatment diets in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment, with six pigs per treatment and each replicated in to three. Four diets were formulated with Diet 1 (control) being maize-based, while in diet 2-4 cassava products replaced 50% of maize; with diet 2 containing 27% cassava root meal (CRM) and 3% cassava foliage meal (CFM)), diet 3 (24% cassava root meal and 6% cassava foliage meal), diet 4 (21% cassava root meal and 9% cassava foliage meal). The diets and the cassava products (CRM and CFM) were chemically analyzed. Data were collected on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, relative weight of internal organ, haematological and serum chemistry and cost benefits. Crude fibre, crude protein and HCN were higher in diets 3 and 4, crude fibre and protein, ether extract and HCN content were higher in CFM than in CRM. Pigs fed the control diets (1) consumed more feed/day (1.3kg) than those on diets 2, 3 and 4 (1.28, 1.28 and 1.23kg) dressing percentage were similar (P>0.05) in the pigs fed diets 1 and 4, and were 59.67 and 59.59%, respectively. Abdominal fat was higher in pigs fed diet 1 and 2 than those on diets 3 and 4. Back fat was higher in the pigs fed diet 1 than those on diets 2-4. The relative weight of the intestine was higher in the diet 4 group than on diet 1 group, while the values of heart and liver were similar (P>0.05) in the pigs fed diets 1 and 4. Packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood cell (RBC), MCH were similar in pigs fed diets 1 and 4; whereas RBC and MCHC were higher in pigs fed diet 1 than those on diet 4. White blood differentials did not differ in pigs fed the 4 diets. Serum urea, creatinine, total protein, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, AST, ALT and thiocynate content were higher in pigs fed diets 4 than those fed diet 1, while triglyceride content was higher in diet 1 than the diet 4 group. Cost/kg feed and cost/kg weight gain were lower with higher CFM in diets. The diet 4 also recorded higher gross margin. Feeding pigs with cassava products (CRM and CFM) at ratio 2.33 to 1 is recommended as an economical option that can replace 50% maize in weaned pig’s diets.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of contents vi
List of
Tables viii
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement of Problem 2
1.2 Objective of the Study 2
1.3 Justification 3
CHAPTER
2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4
2.1 Alternatives to Maize in Pig Production 4
2.2 Cassava as an Alternative Feed 4
2.3 Nutrient Composition of Different Parts of
Cassava 5
2.4 Amino Acid Composition 6
2.5 Protein Quality 7
2.6 Detoxification of Cassava 10
2.7 Cyanogen Content of Different Parts of Cassava 10
2.8 Different Techniques for Processing
Cassava 11
2.9 Juxtaposition of Different Processing
Techniques 16
2.10 Effect of Cassava Root and Leaf on Performance
of Piglets 17
CHAPTER
3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 22
3.1 Location of Experiment 22
3.2 Source and Preparation of Test
Ingredients 22
3.3 Preparation of Experimental Diets: 23
3.4 Experimental animal, Housing, Management
and Design 25
3.5 Data Collection 25
3.6 Analytical Procedure 27
3.7 Statistical Analysis 28
CHAPTER
4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1 Proximate Composition of the Experimental
Diet. 29
4.1.2 Growth parameters of weaner pigs fed
different dietary ratio
of cassava composite meal 30
4.1.3 Carcass yield of pigs fed varying dietary
ratio of cassava composite meal 33
4.1.4 Effect of varying dietary ratio of cassava
composite meal on
the
internal organs of pigs. 35
4.1.5 Haematological parameters of pigs fed
different dietary ratio of
cassava composite meal 37
4.1.6 Blood chemistry of pigs fed varying dietary
ratio of cassava
composite
meal. 41
4.1.7 Cost benefits of pigs fed
varying dietary ratio of cassava
composite
meal 45
CHAPTER
5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 47
5.1 Conclusion 47
5.2 Recommendation 48
REFERENCES 49
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Chemical
Composition of Cassava Roots and Leaves (% DM) 7
2.2 Amino Acid Composition of Cassava Roots and
Leaves
(g/16g n) 8
2.3 Essential Amino Acid Profile of
Cassava Leaf Meal and Alfalfa
Meal (g/16 gN) 9
3.1 Composition of concentrate diet
containing Varying Dietary Ratio of Cassava Composite
Meal
Fed to Weaner Pigs 24
4.1 Proximate
Composition of the Experimental Diet 30
4.2 Growth Parameters of Pigs Fed Varying
Dietary Ratio of Cassava Composite
Meal 32
4.3 Effects Varying Varying Dietary Ratio
of Cassava Composite Meal on the
Carcass Yield Of Pigs 34
4.4 Effect of Varying Dietary Ratio of Cassava
Composite Meal on
Internal Organs of Pigs 36
4.5 Effects Varying Dietary Ratio of Cassava
Composite Meal
on Haematological Parameters of Pigs 39
4.6
Effects Varying Dietary Ratio of Cassava
Composite Meal on
White
Blood Differentials of Pigs 40
4.7 Effects Varying Dietary Ratio of Cassava
Composite Meal on
Blood
Chemistry of Pigs 44
4.8 Cost-benefits of Pigs Fed Different
Dietary Ratio of Cassava
Composite Meal 46
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACK
GROUND OF THE STUDY
The
major aim of every farm enterprise is to maximize profit. Majority of the cost
in livestock production is incurred from feed stuffs and feeding which can take
up to about 70-80% of the total cost of production (Tewe et al., 2002).
Given
the hike in price of some feed stuffs like cereals in this harsh economic
recession, there is need to focus our attention on alternative feed stuff which
could either directly substitute cereals or could be included at certain levels
to attain a comparable production quality with the conventional cereals without
deleterious effect on the animal health (Muller et al., 1974).
Nigeria
is the largest producer of cassava in the world. Cassava is produced largely in
the tropical region. It seemingly appears to be the very best alternative for
conquering these high cost of feed in the livestock industry (Ukachukwu 2008).
Recently, emphasis has been placed on the expanded program of cassava and other
tuber crops, and many high yielding varieties of cassava have been developed and
released through the collaborative and improvement efforts of National Root
Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture (IITA) and other collaborating institutions. This implies that the
excess production will be directed to human consumption and enough will be
available for the feeding live stock in Nigeria.
Tewe
and Bokanga (2001), reported that the cost of production of cassava is about
fourty percent lower than maize in Nigeria. However, the use of increasing levels
of cassava root meal products for swine creates a problem of diet formulation,
since the roots are very poor in nitrogen (Buitrago1990; Ly 1998) and
therefore, very little protein can be derived from this feed source.
This
opens up the possibility of including foliages and tender stems of cassava rich
in protein in diets containing increased amount of cassava roots (Garbati et al., 2001). These cassava materials
have been successfully used in pig feeding (Rajaguru et al., 1979; Trompiz et al.,
2000). Cassava leaf yields as much as 4.60 tones dry matter per hectare and may
be produced as a by-product at root harvest (Ravindran and Rajaguru, 1988).
1.2
STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
Maize
which is the commonly utilized source of energy in livestock feed constitutes
about 45 to 60 percent of the finished feeds. But due to the exorbitant cost of
maize and its seasonality, its demand by man is not being fully met, let alone
its demand by animals. There is therefore need to source for alternative
sources of energy that are cheaper than maize, readily available and will not
be competed for by man and animals.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of this study is to evaluate
the performance of weaner pigs fed diets containing varying dietary ratio of
composite cassava meal.
The specific objectives are:
1. To investigate the performance of weaner pigs fed different
dietary ratio of composite cassava meal.
2. To evaluate the carcass quality of
weaner pigs fed different dietary ratio of composite cassava meal.
3.
To evaluate the haematological and serum indices of weaner pigs fed diets
containing different dietary ratio of composite cassava meal.
4. To determine the cost implication of
feeding each of this different dietary ratio of composite cassava meal to weaner
pigs.
5. To determine the best dietary ratio of
composite cassava meal for weaner pigs.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
Pigs generally are heavy feeders. A huge
amount of money is spent in the procurement of its feed and feed stuff.
If this high cost of production in terms
of feed and feed stuffs can be reduced to the bearest minimum, it will help in
a great way to reduce the competition between man and animals for scarce feed
resources and encourage farmers to go into pig production. Improved productivity
of pigs using the best dietary ratio of composite cassava meal will reduce the
pressure on other sources of dietary nutrients.
This will invariably have a positive
impact on the economy because the huge amount of the money spent annually by
the government of Nigeria in importing other sources of animal protein will be
channeled to other uses.
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