ABSTRACT
Spawn quality is the most important factor in the production of edible mushroom (which is fast gaining prominence in Nigeria and Africa at large). Pleurotus ostreatus is an indigenous mushroom (pleurotus) specie commonly found growing on logs of dead woods in the south eastern region of Nigeria. It was cultured on three different grains such as yellow maize, guinea corn and wheat which were used as substrates to produce three different spawn grains, various media had significant values (p<0.05) on the mycelia growth. The different spawns produced were used to cultivate P. ostreatus on andropogon chopped into chips, the spawn grains had significant values (p>0.05) on the number of fruit bodies, stipe length, pileus diameter and fresh weight. The results revealed that andropogon and yellow maize produced the longest stipe length, highest number of fruiting bodies and fresh weight followed by guinea corn and andropogon then lastly wheat and andropogon. The maximum and minimum growth rates were seen in the maize and wheat substrates, respectively. It was concluded that maize spawn in combination with andropogon chips are best substrate for oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus) cultivation, followed by guinea corn and lastly wheat. Andropogon mixed yellow maize induced superior results for all the parameters tested. Guinea corn and andropogon media induced optimum results for all the parameters.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover
page i
Title
page ii
Certification iii
Declaration iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Table
of Contents vii
List
of Tables viii
List
of Plates ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER
1 1
Background Study 1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Aims
and Objectives 4
1.3 Justification
4
CHAPTER
2 6
Literature Review 6
2.0 Pleurotus ostreatus 6
CHAPTER
3 10
Materials and Methods 11
3.1 Source
of Materials 10
3.2 Preparation
of Culture Medium 10
3.3 Culture
of Fungi 10
3.4 Spawn
Preparation 11
3.5 Preparation
of Substrates for Mushroom Cultivation 11
3.6 Fruiting
and Data Collection 12
3.7 Data
Collection 12
CHAPTER
4 15
4.0 Results 15
4.1 Effects of Grains on Spawn
Production 15
4.2 Growth Measurements 19
CHAPTER
5 21
Discussion
and Conclusion 21
5.0 Discussion 21
5.1 Conclusion 23
REFERENCES
……………………………………………………………………………... 22
LIST
OF TABLES
v Table
4.1 Mycelia Extension and Mycelia Colony Diameter
v Table
4. 2: Number of Fruit Bodies and Fresh Weight
of P. ostreatus
v Table
4.3 Stipe Length and Pileus
Diameter of P. ostreatus
LIST
OF PLATES
v Plate 1: Pure
culture of Pleurotus ostreatus
v Plate
2: fully colonized guinea corn spawn.
v Plate
3: fully colonized yellow maize spawn
v Plate
3: fully colonized wheat spawn
v Plate 4: Three replicates of each grain grown on
andropogon stalk in a rack
v Plate 5: Sample
plate of each grain grown on andropogon
v Plate 7: sample plate of guinea spawn
v Plate 8: sample plate of
wheat corn spawn
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mushrooms are the macroscopic fruit-bodies
of fungi, which are found mainly in the fungal groups of Basidiomycotina and
Ascomycotina. Mushrooms have been valued and treated throughout the world as a
special kind of food and medicine for thousands of years (Lindquist et al., 2005; Tribe et al., 1973). There are
many varieties of mushroom of which Pleurotus
spp is one. Pleurotus mushrooms are
characterized by a white spore print, attached to gills, often with an
eccentric stipe or no stipe at all. They are commonly known as “Oyster
mushroom” (Miles et al., 1997).
Mushrooms are highly nutritious so they
contain good quality proteins, vitamins and mineral (Khanna, et al., 1984, Flegg, et al., 1976). Mushrooms are low calorie
food with little fat and are highly suitable for obese persons with no starch
and very low sugars. They can serve as medicinal food for diabetic patients
(Bano, 1976). Edible mushroom like Pleurotus
are known to be among the largest of all fungi and so is said to exist in
its natural habitat in a mycorrhyzal relationship with a tree. This is one of
the reasons why forest is often generous to mushroom hunters. (Ogundana, 1978
and Stemets, 2001), observed that the fungus (Pleurotus tuber-regium) is
often found growing around the African bread fruit tree (Treculia africana).
It attacks dead woods, on which it produces globose or ovoid sclerotia (Oso,
1977; Fasidi and Olorunmaiye, 1994).
Despite its nutritional value, mushroom
cultivation is not widespread. Many mushrooms are considered to be healthy food
because they contain large enough protein needs of the rural poor especially
during the rains. It is also rich in some essential vitamins (B1, B2, and C)
and essential minerals than most plants. They also have a low fat content and
hence high fibre content that enhances digestion of food.
Mushrooms in the genus Pleurotus are known to be among the
largest of fungi composed of filaments and survive very well in a damp or moist
condition (Oei, 2003). Man’s attention is usually drawn to mushrooms by the
unusual shape of their fruit bodies which suddenly appear in striking numbers after
rains in fields and woodlands (Onuoha, 2007). Many types of mushrooms, both
edible and non-edible exist. The edible mushrooms are widely used as human food,
(Chang, 1980). In Nigeria, the preferred and commonly consumed species are Pleurotus, Termitomycetes, Tricholoma and
Volvariella (Zoberi, 1972). Other edible species of Pleurotus include Pleurotus
tuber-regium, P. ostreatus and P. squarrosulus. According to (Fasidi et al., 1993), all mushrooms are rich in
protein. Some wild mushrooms are mycorrhizal one and cannot be cultivated
unless the tree is also cultivated (Okwujiako, 1992). These mushrooms are
sometimes available in the market but they are collected from the forests
(Kuyperet al., 2002).
Mushrooms
have been universally recognized now as food and are grown on a commercial
scale in many parts of the world including Nigeria. Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the species commonly eaten in Nigeria
(Zoberi, 1972). The cultivation of mushroom serves as the most efficient and
economically viable biotechnology for the conversion of lingo-cellulose waste
materials to high quality protein food and this will naturally open up new job
opportunities especially in rural areas (Fasidi et al., 1993; Hussain, 2001).
Edible mushrooms like Agaricus sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus are
commercially produced and sold in markets in Asia, America and Europe (Okhuoya et al., 1998). Mushrooms are still being
hunted for in forests and farmland for sale in Africa.
There
is therefore the need for commercial production of all edible mushrooms in
Nigeria in view of its potential contribution to agricultural production and as
a source of cheap protein. Nigeria is richly endowed with good quality
mushrooms like Pleurotus and Agaricus,
which should be mass-produced for local consumption as well as for
international market. Since mushrooms are seasonal and always in short supply,
commercial production is, therefore, necessary to ensure their constant
availability. The present study, therefore, evaluates the use of some agro-waste
materials in the cultivation of Pleurotus
ostreatus a pure culture of mycelia from a fresh vegetative mushroom.
Mushroom
spawn is the mushroom mycelium growing on a given substrate. It serves as the
planting material in mushroom cultivation. Using grains as substrate for the
growth of the vegetative mycelium of the mushroom fungus is a mainstay of the
spawn industry. Studies have shown that P.
ostreatus production is not limited to a substrate derived from composting
(Till, 1962; Sanchez and Royse, 2001; Mamiro et al., 2007). To produce spawn, a pasteurized medium, usually
grain with the sterile culture of a particular mushroom species are used, after
the culture has grown throughout the medium, it is called spawn. It is actually
the first stage of mushroom production.
Spawn
quality is regarded as the most important part in mushroom production (Goltapeh and
Purjam, 2003). Spawn production is a very technical process and requires
a lot of expertise and specialized knowledge and care on the part of people
producing it (Chinda and Chinda, 2007). It is in fact the bedrock of the
mushroom industry and the limiting factor to mushroom cultivation or production
all over the world.
In
nature; mushrooms use spores for generative multiplication and these are
microscopic and difficult to handle (Oei, 1991). Alternatively, tissue cultures
taken from cap-tissues may be used to prepare spawn, with time the mycelium
completely grows through the grain. The fully colonized grain (spawn) is used
to seed already prepared substrates (agricultural and non-agricultural wastes)
for mushroom production. Grain spawn is in common use because of its ability to
ramify the substrate faster and ease of planting (Bahl, 1988). Spawn grains such as wheat, wheat
and corn have been reported to affect carpophores production (Nwanze et al.,
2005b)
and there are various additives that are known to stimulate fruiting. These
include; rice bran, cassava peels and soybean powder. (Nwanze et al.,
2005a), examined
the effect of spawn grains such as wheat, wheat and corn on the culture of Lentinus squarrosulus. The results
showed that corn spawn induced highest yield and dry weight of fruiting as
compared to wheat and wheat spawn.
Environmental
factors such as temperature, O2, Co2, humidity, light and
pH have been reported also to affect mycelia growth in the spawn preparation (Nwanze et al.,
2005b).
1.1
JUSTIFICATION
It is obvious that the importance of mushroom is
enormous. As a matter of fact, mushroom is consumed on daily basis as food
sources and it is regarded as health additive to any diet because of its high
concentration of protein. It is also used in treatment of cardiovascular
disorders, (Guillamon et al., 2010).
Due to the increased recognition of its nutritional and medicinal values,
coupled with the realization of income generating potential of the fungi is
through trade. In most developed and developing countries especially China and
India, mushroom has become an item of great values. These countries have
generated lots of income from mushroom production and their marketing within
and outside their region (Qi and Hui, 2010).
Considering
the enormous potentials of mushrooms, more works and researches are required to
boost its production. The researches include using different grains to produce
quality spawn so as to know the grains that would support the best growth and
yields of mushrooms. In order to encourage cultivation of mushroom in larger
quantities, spawn grains are needed and that is the basis of this research
work.
1.2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this study is to produce Pleurotus
ostreatus spawn grains using yellow maize (Zea mays), guinea corn (Sorghum
bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)
as bulk carriers and cultivation of P.
ostreatus mushroom.
OBJECTIVES
v To prepare a pure culture of mycelia
from a fresh vegetative mushroom (Pleurotus
ostreatus).
v To determine the rate of
ramification of the prepared substrates from three different grains: yellow
maize (Zea mays), guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains.
v To prepare high quality spawn from yellow
maize, guinea corn and wheat (T. aestivum).
v To produce fruit-bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom using spawn
from yellow maize, guinea corn and wheat.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment