ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLEUROTUS SQUARROULUS (AN EDIBLE MUSHROOM)

ABSTRACT

The antimicrobial properties of hot water, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate extract Pleurotus squarrosulus. It was investigated on a gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli (e. coli) gram positive bacterium. Staphylococcus areus (S. areus) and yeast Candida albieans (C. albicans) the total yield of the crude extract was evaluated and ethanol extract gave the highest yield of 2.45mg while ethyl acetate extract gave the lowest yield. The ethanol and hot water extracts of Pleurotus squarrosulus contained bioactive compound. Alkaloid (0.5510200) flavonoid (0.4.1 + 0.04%), tannin (0.36 + 0.01%), saponin (0.17 + 0.012%). Antimicrobial activity was performed using Ager disc diffusion. Pleurotus squarrosulus showed wider zone of inhibition with the ethyl acetate extract (Eschurichia coli 13.67mm, Stahylococcus aureus 13.33mm, Candida albicans 12.3mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated for the mushroom. The significance of antimicrobial activity was compared with the standard antibiotics and antifungal (gentamicin and griseofulvin). The results obtained in this study suggest that Pleurotus squarrosulus possessed broad spectrum of activity against microbial isolates used and can be used in the production of antimicrobial drugs.  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Certification

 Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

1.1              INTRODUCTION

1.2              Aims and Objectives of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0              LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1              Classification

2.2              Medicinal Uses

2.3              Review of other Medicinal plants

2.4              Phyotchemicals

2.4.1.      Tanninus

2.4.2.      Alkaloids

2.4.3.      Flavounes, Flavouroids and flovnold

2.4.4.      Saponins

2.4.5.      Actions of phytochemicals

2.5              Pathogens

2.5.1        Escherichia coli (E.coil)

2.5.2        Staphylococcus aurens

2.5.3        Cadida albicans

CHAPTER THREE

3.0              Materials and methods

3.1              Source of Materials

3.2              Sampling preparation

3.2.1        Media preparation

3.2.2        Text for sterility

3.3              Production of extracts

3.4              Photochemical Analysis

3.4.1        Test for Tannins

3.4.2        Test for Saponins

3.4.3        Test for Flaroniods

3.4.4        Test for Alkalodis

3.5              Quantitative Photochemical

3.5.1        Determination of Tannins

3.5.2        Determination of Alkaloid

3.5.3        Determination of Flavoniods

3.5.4        Determination of Saponins

3.6              Confirmation of Test Organism

3.6.1        Examination of Colony Feature

3.6.2        Macroscopic Features

3.6.2.1    Gram Staining Technique

3.6.2.2    Gram Tube Test

3.6.3        Biochemical Tests

3.6.3.1   Catalase Test

3.6.3.2    Oxidase Test

3.6.3.3    Methyl Red Test

3.6.3.4    Voges Proskaeur Test

3.6.4        Sugar Utilization Test

3.6.5        Confirmation of Identity

3.7              Antimicrobial Activity Test

3.8              Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

3.9              Statistical Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1       Results

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0         Discussion and Conclusion

5.1         Discussion

5.2         Conclusion

References

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

1.             Total Yield of Crude Extract of the Mushroom Species by Different Solvents.

2.             Qualitative Photochemical Screening of Pleurotus squarrosulus

3.             Identification of Bacterial Isolates

4.             Identification of fungal Isolates

5.             Antimicrobial Activity of Pleurotus squarrosulus

LIST OF FIGURES

1.             Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Pleurotus squarrosulus

CHAPTER ONE

         1.1        INTRODUCTION

Antibiotic resistance has become a global concern (Westhe et al. 2004). The clinical efficacy of many existing antibiotics is being threatened by the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens (Bandow et al. 2003). The increasing failure of chemotherapetcutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microorganisms has ked to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity (Colombo and Bolsisio 1996. Iwu et al. 1990).

Nature has been a source of medical agents since times immemorial. The importance of plants in the management of human ailments cannot be over emphasized. Plant derived medicines have been a part of traditional health care in most part of the world for thousands of years and there is increasing interest in plants as source of agents to fight microbial disease.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) medical plants would be the best source to obtain a variety of drugs. About 80% of individuals from developed countries have used traditional medicines which has compounds derived from medicinal plants. Therefore such plants should be investigated to better understand their properties safety and efficiency (Ellof 1998).

The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals both with antimicrobial properties can be of great significance in therapeutic. In the last few years a number of studies have been conducted in different countries to prove such efficiency. Many plants have been used because of their antimicrobial traits which are chiefly synthesized during secondary metabolism of plant and these natural products resulting from metabolism were first described at the beginning of the 19^th century and have become part of the molecular science (Cordell. 1995).

Plants synthesize many compounds with complex molecular structure as a result of secondary metabolism. Some of these compounds and their derivative such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, asponins and phenolic compounds are responsible for the medicinal qualities of plants (Simose 1999).

         1.2        AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.             This study is aimed at searching and screening the antimicrobial potentials of the mushroom on some organisms using scientific model.

2.             To determine the phytochemical properties of the mushroom.

3.             To authenticate the use of the plant in treatment of some diseases as such as gastro-intestinal related ailments.

4.             To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of Pleurotus squarrosulus.

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