MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF MULTIPLE USERS OF HAIR BRUSHES AND CLIPPERS IN BARBING SALONS IN UMUAHIA, METROPOLIS, ABIA STATE.

ABSTRACT

A total of Ten (10) Samples were collected from  barbing salons in Umuahia Metropolis with the aid of sterile swab stick and transported to laboratory for microbial analysis. The biochemical characterization of  isolates revealed the genera of  Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, E.coli, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus sp and Serratia marcesens  and the fungal characterization revealed the presence of Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula sp, Fusarium oxyporum and Aspergillus flavus. The percentage occurrence of isolates from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples showed that Pseudomonas sp had the highest occurrence (25%) followed by E.coli 18.75%, Micrococcus luteus (18.75%) , Proteus sp (12.5%), while Serratia marcesens (6.25%) while Bacillus sp (6.25%) had the least occurrence. The percentage occurrence of fungal isolates from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples showed that Aspergillus niger (38.5%) had the highest percentage occurrence followed by Rhodotorula sp (30.8%) while Fusarium oxysporum (15.4%)  and Aspergillus flavus (15.4%) showed the lowest occurrence from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples. Antibiotics sensitivity test of the isolated bacteria revealed that all the six recorded (100%) sensitivity on Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin while Proteus sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli were all resistant to Levofloxacin and Rifampicin respectively.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                                        vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1 Aim and Objectives                                                                                                          3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Literature Review                                                                                                            4

2.1 Folliculitis                                                                                                                         9

2.2 Tinea                                                                                                                                 10

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and Methods                                                                                               14

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                            14

3.2 Media Used                                                                                                                       14

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      15

3.5 Determination of Bacterial Isolation                                                                                15

3.5.1 Grams Staining                                                                                                                          16

3.6 Biochemical Characteristics of The Isolates                                                                    16

3.6.2 Indole Test                                                                                                                     17

3.6.3 Citrate Utilization                                                                                                          17

3.6.4 Sugar Fermentation                                                                                                       17

3.6.5 Oxidase Test                                                                                                                  18

3.6.6 Coagulase Test                                                                                                               18

3.6.7 Urease Test                                                                                                                    18

3.6.8 Methyl Red –Voges Proskauer (MRVP) Test                                                               19

3.7 Characterization And Identification of The Fungal isolates                                            19

3.7.1 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Staining                                                                                20

3.8 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing                                                                       20

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        21       

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                                          30

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   30

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  32

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        32                    References                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

LIST OF TABLES

Table         Title                                                                Page

1          Cultural Characteristics of Bacterial Isolates                                                             22

2          Biochemical Characterization of Isolates                                                                   23

3          Total Viable Microbial Counts from User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing Salons Samples    24

4          Identification and Characterize Of Fungal Isolates in User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing Salons      25

5          Percentage Occurrence of Bacterial   Isolates from User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing Salons   26

6          Percentage Occurrence of Fungal Isolates from User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing Salons        27

7          Antibiotics Sensitivity Profile of Bacteria Isolated from User Hair Brushes  and Clippers In Barbing Salons      28

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Barbers are important professionals in the community, in most cases barbershops are owned, cared, and financed by individual members of the community. It is a demand on their profession to utilize instruments such as knife, blades, clippers which makes it necessary to evaluate health hazards relating to their profession and practices and to identify professional practices linked with infection transmission (Chanda and Khan, 2004; Wazir et al., 2008).

Health has been declared as the fundamental human right. Despite this recognition, there is a denial of this right to millions of people especially in the developing countries. Healthcare is one of the most important aspects of all human endeavours aimed at improving the quality of life, since sound health is essential for the strength and prosperity of a nation. In developing countries, infections remain the main cause of morbidity and mortality in humans where it is mostly associated with poverty and overcrowding. In the developed countries, increasing prosperity, universal immunization and antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious diseases. However, in the developing countries, it is known that infectious diseases cause about 25% of all human deaths and account for over 11 million deaths yearly (Kumar and Clark, 2005). Many of the infectious diseases affecting developing countries are preventable or treatable but have continued to thrive due to lack of personal and environmental hygiene, ignorance and poor political commitment from the government. Important routes of transmission of bacterial, fungal or viral infections include airborne, faeco-oral spread, vector borne and direct spread either through person to person transmission or by direct inoculation (WHO, 2006).

-It has been shown that barbering operations include cutting, face and scalp massaging, nail trimming, pedicure, manicure and shampooing/dying of hair and various health hazards including communicable diseases and skin conditions are associated with barbers’ profession to which their clients are exposed to (Janjua and Nizamy, 2004). The diseases of primary importance linked to barbering and barbering profession/practices are ringworm (via direct contact), infestation of headlouse, staphylococcal infection, scabies (via contaminated towels, combs and aprons) and hepatitis and HIV (via contaminated blades and clips) (Wazir et al., 2008; Arulogun and Adesoro, 2009).

 A significant proportion of population is enjoying the services of barbers in the community including the university community and their shops and professional practices may be a source of transmission of various infections-directly or indirectly and some bacterial infections can occur without breaking the skin and for this reason equipment must be cleaned between each client (Salami et al., 2006). The person at risk may be the next client on whom the contaminated instrument is used. Organisms that can cause potentially serious infections may be transmitted where appropriate precautions are not taken. For example, where instruments and materials used on client are not sterilized or are not properly handled and used hygienically, sharp instruments such as razors, clippers and scissors may become contaminated if they pierce the skin of infected person (clippers can accidentally pierce and penetrate the skin) and it should be noted that blood and body fluids do not have to be visible on instruments or working surfaces for infection to be transmitted and both clients and operator are at risk (Ibrahim, 2007).

1.1  AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess the microbial contamination of multiple users of hair brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia, Abia State.

The objectives are:

1.     To isolate microorganisms associated with multiple users of hair brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia, Abia State.

2.     To identify and characterize bacteria associated with multiple users of hair brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia, Abia State.

3.     To identify fungi from multiple users of hair brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia, Abia State.

4.     To carry out antibiotics susceptibility test on the isolated bacteria.

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