ABSTRACT
A total of Ten (10) Samples were collected from barbing salons in Umuahia Metropolis with the aid of sterile swab stick and transported to laboratory for microbial analysis. The biochemical characterization of isolates revealed the genera of Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, E.coli, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus sp and Serratia marcesens and the fungal characterization revealed the presence of Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula sp, Fusarium oxyporum and Aspergillus flavus. The percentage occurrence of isolates from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples showed that Pseudomonas sp had the highest occurrence (25%) followed by E.coli 18.75%, Micrococcus luteus (18.75%) , Proteus sp (12.5%), while Serratia marcesens (6.25%) while Bacillus sp (6.25%) had the least occurrence. The percentage occurrence of fungal isolates from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples showed that Aspergillus niger (38.5%) had the highest percentage occurrence followed by Rhodotorula sp (30.8%) while Fusarium oxysporum (15.4%) and Aspergillus flavus (15.4%) showed the lowest occurrence from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples. Antibiotics sensitivity test of the isolated bacteria revealed that all the six recorded (100%) sensitivity on Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin while Proteus sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli were all resistant to Levofloxacin and Rifampicin respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table
of Contents v
Lists
of Tables vii
Abstract
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Aim and
Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Folliculitis 9
2.2 Tinea 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials
and Methods 14
3.1 Sample
Collection 14
3.2 Media Used 14
3.3 Sterilization 15
3.5
Determination of Bacterial Isolation 15
3.5.1 Grams Staining 16
3.6 Biochemical Characteristics of
The Isolates 16
3.6.2 Indole Test 17
3.6.3 Citrate Utilization 17
3.6.4 Sugar Fermentation 17
3.6.5 Oxidase Test 18
3.6.6 Coagulase Test 18
3.6.7
Urease Test 18
3.6.8
Methyl Red –Voges Proskauer (MRVP) Test 19
3.7
Characterization And Identification of The Fungal isolates 19
3.7.1 Lactophenol Cotton Blue
Staining 20
3.8
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 20
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Results 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendation 30
5.1
Discussion 30
5.2
Conclusion 32
5.3 Recommendation
32 References
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1
Cultural Characteristics of
Bacterial Isolates 22
2 Biochemical
Characterization of Isolates 23
3
Total Viable Microbial Counts from User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing Salons Samples 24
4 Identification and Characterize Of Fungal
Isolates in User Hair Brushes and
Clippers in Barbing Salons 25
5
Percentage Occurrence of Bacterial
Isolates from User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing
Salons 26
6
Percentage Occurrence of Fungal Isolates from User Hair Brushes and Clippers in Barbing
Salons 27
7
Antibiotics Sensitivity Profile of Bacteria Isolated from User Hair
Brushes and Clippers In Barbing
Salons 28
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Barbers are important professionals in the community, in most cases
barbershops are owned, cared, and financed by individual members of the
community. It is a demand on their profession to utilize instruments such as
knife, blades, clippers which makes it necessary to evaluate health hazards
relating to their profession and practices and to identify professional
practices linked with infection transmission (Chanda and Khan, 2004; Wazir et al., 2008).
Health has been declared as the fundamental human right. Despite this
recognition, there is a denial of this right to millions of people especially
in the developing countries. Healthcare is one of the most important aspects of
all human endeavours aimed at improving the quality of life, since sound health
is essential for the strength and prosperity of a nation. In developing
countries, infections remain the main cause of morbidity and mortality in
humans where it is mostly associated with poverty and overcrowding. In the
developed countries, increasing prosperity, universal immunization and
antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious diseases. However, in the
developing countries, it is known that infectious diseases cause about 25% of
all human deaths and account for over 11 million deaths yearly (Kumar and
Clark, 2005). Many of the infectious diseases affecting developing countries
are preventable or treatable but have continued to thrive due to lack of
personal and environmental hygiene, ignorance and poor political commitment
from the government. Important routes of transmission of bacterial, fungal or
viral infections include airborne, faeco-oral spread, vector borne and direct
spread either through person to person transmission or by direct inoculation
(WHO, 2006).
-It has been shown that barbering operations include cutting, face and
scalp massaging, nail trimming, pedicure, manicure and shampooing/dying of hair
and various health hazards including communicable diseases and skin conditions
are associated with barbers’ profession to which their clients are exposed to
(Janjua and Nizamy, 2004). The diseases of primary importance linked to
barbering and barbering profession/practices are ringworm (via direct contact),
infestation of headlouse, staphylococcal infection, scabies (via contaminated
towels, combs and aprons) and hepatitis and HIV (via contaminated blades and
clips) (Wazir et al., 2008; Arulogun
and Adesoro, 2009).
A significant proportion of population is
enjoying the services of barbers in the community including the university
community and their shops and professional practices may be a source of
transmission of various infections-directly or indirectly and some bacterial
infections can occur without breaking the skin and for this reason equipment
must be cleaned between each client (Salami et
al., 2006). The person at risk may be the next client on whom the
contaminated instrument is used. Organisms that can cause potentially serious
infections may be transmitted where appropriate precautions are not taken. For
example, where instruments and materials used on client are not sterilized or
are not properly handled and used hygienically, sharp instruments such as
razors, clippers and scissors may become contaminated if they pierce the skin
of infected person (clippers can accidentally pierce and penetrate the skin)
and it should be noted that blood and body fluids do not have to be visible on
instruments or working surfaces for infection to be transmitted and both
clients and operator are at risk (Ibrahim, 2007).
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of
this study is to assess the microbial contamination of multiple users of hair
brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia, Abia State.
The
objectives are:
1. To isolate microorganisms associated with
multiple users of hair brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia,
Abia State.
2. To identify and characterize bacteria associated
with multiple users of hair brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia,
Abia State.
3. To identify fungi from multiple users of hair
brushes and clippers in barbing salon within Umuahia, Abia State.
4. To carry out antibiotics susceptibility test on
the isolated bacteria.
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