ABSTRACT
African pear (Dacryodes edulis) stores badly and in many cases is consumed raw without washing. The study was carried out to evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacterial contaminant and pulpy mesocarp of fresh and deteriorated Dacryodes edulis fruit sold in different locations of Umuahia metropolis. Twenty samples comprising fresh and deteriorated (Dacryodes edulis) fruits were analyzed for bacterial contamination. One gram of the pulpy mesocarp of each sample was sliced into tiny pieces and soaked into 5ml of physiological saline from where 10 fold serial dilutions where made. This was streaked in Blood, Nutrient, MacConkey and Manitol Salt Agar and incubated aerobically at 370 for 24hrs. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard bacteriological methods. Bacterial isolates in the study includes Escherichia coli 16 (25%), Klebsiella spp, 11 (17.19%), Proteus spp 8 (12.5%), Coans 6 (9.38%), S.aureus 7 (10.94%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (6.25%), Streptococcus spp 7 (10.94%), Bacillus spp 5 (7.81%). Comparative analyses of bacterial diversity in fresh and deteriorated sample revealed a pattern of complete absence of staphylococci organism in the deteriorated samples. Mean microbial loads ranged from 1.5×103 -6.0×103 and 2.0×105 _ 1.5×105 in the fresh and deteriorated samples respectively. Antibiotics susceptibility pattern was done by disc diffusion technique. The isolates where susceptible to most of the antibiotics used.
Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES ix
ABSTRACT x
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background Of Study 2
1.2
Aim of study
2
1.3
Objectives of the study
2
1.4
Limitations
3
CHAPTER THREE
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Botanic description 4
2.2
Habitat
5
2.3
Biology
5
2.4
Ecology and biophysical limits
5
2.5
Products
6
2.5.1
Food
6
2.5.2
Fodder
6
2.5.3 Apiculture 7
2.5.4 Timber
7
2.5.5 Gum or resin
7
2.5.6 Earthenware
7
2.5.7 Tanning or dyestuff
7
2.5.8 Lipids
8
2.5.9 Essential oil
8
2.5.10 Medicine
8
2.6 SERVICES
9
2.6.1
Shade of shelter 9
2.6.2
Ornamental
9
2.6.3
Soil improver
9
2.6.4
Intercropping
9
2.6.5
Tree management
10
2.7 Germplasm management
10
2.8
Pests and diseases
10
2.8.1 Diseases 10
2.8.2 Pest
10
2.9
Health benefits of African pear
consumption: a review
11
2.10 Bacterial associated with surface
contamination and spoilage of African pear (dacryodes edulis)
12
2.10.1
Escheriachia coli.
12
2.10.2
Klebsiella specie
13
2.10.3
Staphylococcus aureus 14
2.10.4
Other Staphylococcus specie
15
2.10.5
Bacillus subtilis
15
2.10.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
16
2.10.7
Proteus specie
16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 18
3.1
Study area
18
3.2
Materials and Reagents
18
3.3
Sample collections
18
3.4
Sample preparation, Innoculation and Isolation 19
3.5 Media preparation
19
3.6 Sterility
19
3.7 Isolation and Identification of
Bacterial isolate 20
3.8 Determination of Bacterial
load
20
3.9 Characterization of Bacterial
isolates
20
3.9.1 Gram staining
20
3.9.2 Catalase test
21
3.9.3 Coagulase test
21
3.9.4 Citrate test
21
3.9.5 Motility, Indole, Urease test
(MIU)
22
3.9.6 Triple sugar iron test 22
3.9.7 Oxidase test
23
3.10 Antibiotic sensitivity test 23
3.11 Data analysis
23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Result
24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
32
5.1 Conclusion and
Recommendation 33
REFERENCES 34
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Titles Pages
1
Number of fruit sample from different
selling outlets 25
2
Morphological identification of isolates 26
3
Biochemical characterization of the
isolates
27
4
Comparative analysis of bacterial
diversity of fresh and deteriorated fruits
28
5
Relative abundance of isolates 29
6
Mean bacterial load of isolates 30
7
Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the
bacterial isolates 31
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
African pear (Dacryodes edulis) which belongs to the family of Burseraceae, is known as Safou in French, ube in Igbo, elemi (Yoruba),
eben (Efik) and orumu (Benin) (Kengue et al.,
2002; Nwokeji et al., 2005). They are
found in Cabinda, Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo, Kinshasa, Gabon, Ghana,
Equitorial, Guinea, Nigeria and Sao Tome (Onana, 2008). In south-east Nigeria,
the trees are grown around homesteads and flowering takes place from January to
April. The major fruiting season is between May and October. In both rural and
urban areas of Cameroon, the fruits are boiled or roasted and then eaten with
cassava or maize .Dacryodes edulisis
a dioecious shade loving species of non-flooded forests in the humid tropical
zone (Leakey, 1999; Leakey et al.,
2002; Waruhiu et al., 2004; Anegbeh et al., 2005) where its seed is widely
cultivated for the production of its fruits which has vast economic and
health-related benefits (Verheij, 2002). It consists of a seed surrounded by a
pulpy butyraceous pericarp, which is the edible portion consumed either raw or
cooked. Its fruit and seed is rich in oils, proteins, minerals and vitamins
which makes it an excellent source of nutrition to consumers, stimulating its increased
production and commercialization for decades (Sofowora, 1982). Its oil has been
found suitable for cosmetics and food, while the flower nectar provides a good
honey (Ayuk et al., 1999; Verheij,
2002).
The principal value of African pear
fruits lies in their pulpy mesocarp of thickness 3 to 9 mm2, rich in
fatty acids and amino acids. The fruit is a major and cheap source of nutrients
containing protein (6.39%), oil (33.5%), fibre (10.6%), ash (3.33%) and
carbohydrate (47.7%) and a high energy value of 545kcal per 100g. it makes
significant dietary contribution, which ameliorates the food problems in
developing countries, since it is available at most seasons including strategic
periods of the year when conventional staples that are difficult to store are
scarce (Nwanekezi and Onyeagba, 2007). The oils from the pulps and seeds can be
used in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics manufacturing as well as numerous
uses (Okorie et al., 2000). They are
rich in unsaturated fatty acids and are comparable to other currently used
vegetable oils (Osagie and Odutuga, 1986). In addition to the above, the tree
and leaves are used as medicine; livestock feed and ornamental wood (Nwanekezi
and Onyeagba, 2007).
The poor shelf life of the fruit has
led to its high perish ability, huge losses and market glut as microorganisms
easily attack the fruit at will.
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Fruits of Dacryodes edulis stores badly as it easily gets spoilt and in many
cases consumed raw without washing. Its high nutritional contents pre-supposes
that an array of microorganisms especially bacteria may be involved in its
contamination and spoilage. This study was aimed at isolating and identifying
the possible bacterial organisms responsible.
1.2
AIM OF STUDY
To
evaluate the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria contaminants on the
pulpy mesocarp of fresh and deteriorated Dacryodes
edulis sold in different locations in Umuahia metropolis.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
The
specific objectives of the study area
1. To
isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria organisms found on the pulpy mesocarp
of both fresh and deteriorated Dacryodes edulis.
2. To
compare the bacterial diversity and relative frequency of occurrence of
bacterial isolates from fresh and deteriorated Dacryodes edulis fruits
3. To
estimate bacteria load.
4. To
determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from the study.
1.4 LIMITATIONS
This
study was hugely incapacitated by its inability to procure antisera for the
identification of toxigenic strains of E.
coli and other cutting edge materials needed for in-strain differentiation
of organisms of the same species.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment