ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the bacterial contamination of hair brushes in barbing salons. The study was conducted in various barbing salons in Umuahia metropolis. A total number of fifty(50) samples were collected from fifty(50) different barbing salons in Umuahia and seven(7) different organisms were isolated which include; Staphylococcus aureus (27.5%), Bacillus spp (7.8%), Klebsiella spp (13.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.8%), Streptococcus spp (19.6%), Coagulase negative staphylococcus (15.7%) and Escherichia coli (3.7%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated organism as it has the highest percentage of occurrence. Sensitivity test was carried out and most of the isolates were sensitive to Tarivid (82.4%), Ceftriaxon (64.7%), Augmentin (56.9%), Gentamicin (52.9%), and resistant to Ampicillin (23.5%), Septrin (29.4%), Streptomycin (29.4%), Ceporex (33.3%) and Pefflacine (41.2%). Tarivid is the drug of choice as a greater percentage of the isolates were sensitive to it, followed by Ceftriaxon. The spread of the microorganisms and prevention of infection from hair brushes can be minimized by the use of hand sanitizers by the barbers, increased sanitary measures, strict adherence to cleaning of hair brushes with antimicrobial agent suitable for it and proper bathing and showering with soap and antiseptics.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.2 Aim
4
1.3 Objective 4
1.4 Significance Of
Study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Bacterial Contaminants Associated With
Hair Brushes In Barbing Salons 6
2.1.1 Staphylococcus aureus 6
2.1.2 Escherichia coli 7
2.1.3 Bacillus species 8
2.1.4 Klebsiella Species 9
2.1.5 Staphylococcus epidermidis 10
2.1.6 Streptococcus Pyogenes 11
2.1.7 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 12
2.2 Scalp Infection 13
2.3 Causes of Scalp
Infections 13
2.4 Bacterial Scalp
Infections 14
2.4.1 Folliculitis 15
2.4.2 Scalp Impetigo 15
2.5 Treatment Of Scalp
Infection 16
2.5.1 Antibiotics 16
2.5.2 Home Remedies 17
2.5.3 Lifestyle Remedies 17
2.5.4 Draining 17
2.6 Infection Control
Measures 17
2.6.1 Cleaning 18
2.6.2 Disinfection 18
2.6.3 Sterilization 19
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials And
Methods 20
3.1 Study Area 20
3.2 Collection Of
Samples 20
3.3 Sterilization Of
Materials 21
3.4 Preparation Of
Culture Media 21
3.5 Inoculation And
Isolation 21
3.6 Purification
Of Isolates 21
3.7 Identification Of
The Isolates 22
3.8 Gram Staining 22
3.9 Biochemical Test 23
3.9.1 Catalase Test 23
3.9.2 Indole Test 23
3.9.3 Citrate Utilization Test 23
3.9.4 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Production Test 23
3.9.5 Starch Hydrolysis 24
3.9.6 Motility, Indole, Urease (MIU) 24
3.9.7 Coagulase Test 25
3.9.8 Oxidase Test 25
3.10 Antibiotic
Susceptibility Testing 25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 26
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion,
Conclusion And Recommendation 34
5.1 Discussion 34
5.2 Conclusion 35
5.3 Recommendation 36
LIST OF TABLES
|
TABLE
|
TITLE
|
PAGE
|
|
1
|
The Growth Rate Of
Isolates From The Various Samples Obtained From Different Barbing Salons At
Different Locations Within Umuahia
|
27
|
|
2
|
Morphological Identification Of Isolates
|
29
|
|
3
|
Differentiation Of Isolates From Study By Gram Staining
|
30
|
|
4
|
Biochemical Identification Of Isolates.
|
31
|
|
5
|
Percentage Of Occurrence Of
Isolates From Hair Brushes In Various Barbing Salons.
|
32
|
|
6
|
Antibiotics Susceptibility Of The Bacterial Isolates.
|
33
|
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The word barber originated from the latin word “barba” meaning
beard. A barber is a person whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, gives
shaves and trim beards. There is strong evidence that barber’s hair brushes are
risk factors for transmission of diseases. The barbing salon is a place where
haircutting, shaving and hair reforming for men are practiced. Barbing is a
very ancient profession which is associated with the use of combs, towels, hair
brushes and clippers. If these are not appropriately disinfected leads to
transmission of a range of infections, which include bacterial infections, such
as staphylococcus infection
(Mbajiuka, et al., 2014)
Barbers are important professionals in the community and in most
cases barbershops are owned, cared and financed by individual members of the
community. It is a demand on their profession to utilize instruments such as knife,
blades, clippers which makes it necessary to evaluate health hazards relating
to their profession and practices and to identify professional practices linked
with infection transmission (Chanda, and Khan, 2004; Wazir et al., 2008). Health has been declared as the fundamental human
right. Despite this recognition, there is a denial of this right to millions of
people especially in the developing countries. Healthcare is one of the most
important aspects of all human endeavours aimed at improving the quality of
life, since sound health is essential for the strength and prosperity of a
nation. In developing countries, infections remain the main cause of morbidity
and mortality in humans where it is mostly associated with poverty and
overcrowding. In the developed countries, increasing prosperity, universal
immunization and antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious
diseases. However, in the developing countries, it is known that infectious
diseases cause about 25% of all human deaths and account for over 11 million
deaths yearly (Kumar and Clark, 2005). Many of the infectious diseases
affecting developing countries are preventable or treatable but have continued
to thrive due to lack of personal and environmental hygiene, ignorance and poor
political commitment from the government. Important routes of transmission of
bacterial, fungal or viral infections include airborne, faeco-oral spread,
vector borne and direct spread either through person to person transmission or
by direct inoculation (WHO, 2006).
It has been shown that barbering operations include cutting, face
and scalp massaging, nail trimming, pedicure, manicure and shampooing/dying of
hair and various health hazards including communicable diseases and skin
conditions are associated with barbers’ profession to which their clients are
exposed to (Janjua, and Nizamy, 2004). The diseases of primary importance
linked to barbering and barbering profession/practices are ringworm (via direct
contact), infestation of head louse, staphylococcal infection, scabies (via
contaminated towels, combs and aprons) and hepatitis and HIV (via contaminated
blades and clips) (Wazir, et al., 2008;
Arulogun and Adesoro, 2009). A significant proportion of population is enjoying
the services of barbers in the community including the university community and
their shops and professional practices may be a source of transmission of
various infections-directly or indirectly and some bacterial infections can
occur without breaking the skin and for this reason equipment must be cleaned
between each client (Salami et al.,
2006). The person at risk may be the next client on whom the contaminated
instrument is used. Organisms that can cause potentially serious infections may
be transmitted where appropriate precautions are not taken. For example, where
instruments and materials used on client are not sterilized or are not properly
handled and used hygienically, sharp instruments such as razors, clippers and
scissors may become contaminated if they pierce the skin of infected person
(clippers can accidentally pierce and penetrate the skin) and it should be
noted that blood and body fluids do not have to be visible on instruments or
working surfaces for infection to be transmitted and both clients and operator
are at risk (Ibrahim, 2007).
A large proportion of populations are receiving services from
barbers in many communities. Barbering profession and its work place may be a
potential factor for transmission of various infections to clients (Moore, and
Miller, 2007). There are strong reasons that beauty salons are one of the
dangerous places in transmission of diseases. Therefore respect to personal,
device and shop health is necessary. Barbering is associated with use of combs,
towels, knives and blades etc. (Medhat, and Shehata, 2002), if these devices are
not appropriately disinfected lead to transmission of a range of infections,
which include fungal infections, infestations of head louse, scabies,
staphylococcus infection, hepatitis B and C HIV and etc (Waheed, and Saeed,
2011). Negligence during the use of sharp instruments may be a risk factor for
blood. Borne infections are causing serious health problems for both the
barbers and clients (Saeed, and Mahmood, 2004). Due to using makeup
and applicators belonged friends and their families, chance of facial infection
among women, especially young women, increases. Because barbering device and
make up easily be contaminated by public use of them and this function provides
a suitable environment for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (Naz, and
Iqtedar, 2012).
Microbial infection is a cause of morbidity and mortality in man,
particularly in developing and underdeveloped areas associated with poverty and
overcrowding. Many infectious diseases in developing countries such as
Pakistan, India and some African countries, are preventable and treatable, but
they are still a risk factor for human health.
For infection control in beauty salons, personal knowledge is very
significant in barbers and customers health. Unknowledge of barbers to
essential hygienic guide lines, lack of using private barbering device,
unsuitable and unhygienic beauty salon, and insensitivity of clients to
hygienic guidelines are notable points that should be regarded in developing
countries (Medhat, and Shehata, 2002).
1.2 AIM
The aim of this study is to evaluate the bacterial contamination
of hair brushes in barbing salons.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
●
To isolate and identify bacterial found on hair
brushes.
●
To determine the percentage and types.
●
To carry out the antibiotic sensitivity of the
isolates.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The significance of any human endeavor is measured by its
relevance to solving human problems. However, the study is significant by
helping in recommending more reliable ways in reducing the rate of microbial
contamination of multiple used hair brushes in barbing saloons in general.
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