ABSTRACT
In this study, the microbial contamination from public toilet seats were investigated. 25 Samples were evaluated using standard microbiological methods. The Seven (7) bacterial genera observed include Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, and Bacillus spp. The total viable counts ranged from 9.3 x 102 cfu/g to 2.9 x 102 cfu/g while the Salmonella-shigella counts ranged from 0.9 x 102 cfu/g to 1.1 x 103 cfu/g. The percentage occurrence of the isolates revealed that Escherichia coli (39%) had the highest percentage occurrence, while Klebsiella spp (6%) had the least percentage occurrence. Frequent washing of the public toilet seats and constant closing of the lid should be maintained to enable a hygienic toilet environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Lists of Tables vii
Abstract
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Aim 2
1.2
Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 3
2.1 Health Hazards Associated With Public Toilet
Usage 8
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and
Methods 10
3.1
Sample collection 10
3.2
Media Used 10
3.3
Sterilization 10
3.4
Enumeration of Bacterial Samples 10
3.5 Identification and
Characterization of Isolates 11
3.5.1
Gram Staining 11
3.5.2 Motility Test 12
3.6
Biochemical Tests 12
3.6.1 Catalase Test 12
3.6.2 Coagulase Test 12
3.6.3 Citrate Test. 12
3.6.4 Oxidase Test 13
3.6.5 Indole Test 13
3.6.6 Urease Test 13
3.6.7 Methyl Red Test 14
3.6.8 Voges-proskaeur Test 14
3.6.9 Sugar Fermentation Test 15
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 16
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 21
5.1 Discussion
21
5.2 Conclusion 23
5.3 Recommendation 23
References 24
Appendix
I 28
Appendix
II 29
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Page
1
Morphology and Biochemical
Characteristics of isolates 19
2
Total Salmonella-Shigella
Count from public toilet seats 21
3
Percentage Occurrence of
Bacterial Isolates from public toilet seats 22
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Public and private restrooms may
contain a variety of dangerous bacteria, including from genus Escherichia,
Salmonella, rotavirus, cold virus and Staphylococcus Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus (Hooper, 2001;
Peleg and Hooper, 2010; Hooper et al.,
2010; Flores et al., 2011; Adewoyin et al., 2013). They get in the restrooms
via human excreta (urine and faces) (Viraraghavan et al., 2007). Improper use of the toilets, inadequate cleanliness
of the toilets facilitates can transmit bacteria from the toilets to the
household living rooms. Contaminated hands of toilet users can transmit the
bacteria from their hands to the flushing handles, door handles and faucets of
the toilets as well as household door handles and equipment. Toilet seats and
lids, the surrounding floors, and the nearby surfaces can be contaminated by
toilet flush aerosols which are produced in substantial quantities during
flushing (Barker and Jones, 2005). The ability of the pathogen deposited to
survive on the different surfaces in the toilets poses a great risk of
infection to the toilet users (Boone and Gerba, 2007). The time of survival
depends on the type of pathogen, majority including Shigella species, Escherichia
species, Clostridium species, severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) coronavirus, and norovirus which can survive on surfaces for weeks or
even months (Kramer et al. 2006).
Bacteria from public restroom are of public health importance when
they enter the body through hand to mouth contact or hand to food contact
leading to diseases (Sabra, 2013). The diseases which can be contracted through
the use of restrooms and the bacteria include; food borne diseases (Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli), Urinary tract Infections (UTI) and
diarhoea (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and sore throat (Streptococcus
pyogenes) (Peleg and Hooper 2010; Schmidt and Brubaker, 2004). To reduce
the risk of bacterial infection from the toilets, regular hand washing,
thorough daily washing and cleaning of public restrooms with disinfectants (at
least twice daily) is particularly recommended for infection control programs
(Boyce, 2007). New technologies of minimizing infections from public restroom
include, sensor-operated paper towel dispensers and touch-free-electric hand
dryers (Agbagwa and Nwechem, 2010). Also closing the toilet seat can reduce the
number of microorganisms released into the air (Schmidt and Brubaker, 2004).
1.1 AIM
The
aim of this study is to study the microbial load of public toilet seats in some
colleges in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.
To determine the microbial load on toilet seats in some colleges in Michael
Okpara University of Agriculture.
2.
To isolate microorganisms from public toilet seats.
3.
To identify and characterize microorganisms from public toilet seats.
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