INTERNAL CONTROL AS A TOOL FOR EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

LIMITATIONS OF TERMS

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

DIVISION OF INTERNAL CONTROL 

AUTHORITY RECORDING AND CUSTODY PROCEDURE

MANAGERIAL SUPERVISION AND REVIEW

FUNDAMENTALS PRACTICAL APPLICATION

SCOPE OF CONTROL

NATURE OF ACCOUNTING CONTROL

ACCOUNTING RECORDS 

PROTECTION OF ASSET IN CUSTODY

PREVENTIVE ACCOUNTING

AUDITING

COST ACCOUNTING

THE INTERNAL CONTROL PROCESS

CONTROL OF PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION

EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROL

SELF-REGULATION

MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS

UNCERTAINTY

BEHAVIORAL CONSIDERATION

MOTIVATION AND INCENTIVES

THE REWARD PENALTY SYSTEM

NON-PROFIT CONTROLS

INTERNAL CHECK

INDEPENDENT PROVING

COMPLIMENTARY WORK

INTERNAL AUDIT

THE DEVELOPMENT AND NEED FOR INTERNAL AUDIT

THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERNAL AUDIT

REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE INTERNAL AUDIT

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE

INSTRUMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION

PERSONAL OBSERVATION

RESPONSE RATE

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE TO QUESTIONNAIRE

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The study of this internal control system of an organization is like the study of an anatomy of man. In word of Peter Druker” Good organizational structure dose not buy itself produce good performance just like a good constitution dose not guarantee great presidents or good laws a moral society. But a poor organizational structure makes good performance impossible, no matter how good the individual managers”.

Promised on this dictum, it is therefore obvious that the organizational structures of an establishment will greatly determine to what extent the organization is to be managed. In some organizations, jobs are not properly defined, duties are not efficiently assigned to the right persons and functions are sometimes duplicated with the result that in fighting within the organization results in sub-optimization. By this I mean that each staff and sub-manager try to impress the management and often times to the detriment of the overall goal of the organization.

A good internal control system ensures that functions/duties are properly defined and that duties are properly are properly assigned to qualified staff and that there is an inbuilt control in the system to ensure feedback, detection and correction of errors in good time.

It is the overall good of any organization to ensure its continued existence and growth hence establishments set up certain units/departments in their organization to ensure that its good is achieved to a reasonable degree.

The internal audit is one such unit established by the management to ensure compliance to policy instructions and to correct for correction deviation from the management set guideline .it objectively examines, evaluates and reports on the adequacy of the internal control, thereby ensuring efficient and effective application of limited resources.

Internal check is also another internal control tool employed by the management to ensure that the objective of the organization is attained.

The entire system of check internal audit and internal check, which is geared towards the attainment of the organizations goal, is called internal control.

Internal control has different definitions but most widely accepted is that of the statement of accounting standard (SAS) which defined internal control as “not only internal check and internal audit, but the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise establi9shed by management in order to carry on business of the company in an orderly manner, safeguard its assets and secure as far as possible the accuracy and reliability of its records”. The internal control system should be an open one and should be cheap, conveniently manipulated by management to ensure completeness and accuracy of records and also prevent or uncover errors and fraud. It should be based on the overall view of the organization and should provide information for all uses of the system.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

In very human endeavor, problems and difficulties will arise. Manufacturing is not an exception to this rule

The common problems encountered include:

1.     Inadequate capital and poor administration

2.     Poor accountability

3.     General increase in all aspects of operational costs

4.     Unsteady policy by government resulting in uncertainties

5.     Internal control breakdowns

6.     Stringent loan conditions by banks

The above general problems are easily identified and are associated with under development of the society. There is also the psychological angle, the problem of dissatisfaction of workers and the attending strike action which often result to loss of many hours and disruption of the entire system.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

This study will be aimed at accomplishing the following objectives:

1.     To examine the nature and scope of internal control systems in a manufacturing establishment using Peco feeds as a case study

2.     To ascertain whether the internal control systems in use are appropriate and will lead to efficient management

3.     To identify the principal problems associated with workers dissatisfaction and recognize the implications of such problems for control methods

4.     To seek purpose oriented solutions and make recommendations that will go a long way in solving the identified problems

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research work has been undertaken in such a way that students, researchers and interested persons would be educated in the following areas:

1.     The various internal control systems

2.     The causes of breakdown in internal control systems

3.     The effects of an efficient or inefficient internal control systems on the management of an organization

4.     Corrective measure to ratify an inefficient control system

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

For the purposes of the study, the researcher wishes to states the following hypothesis:

1.       That the internal control system in operation in Peco feeds limited is adequate in the area of promotion and encouragement of effective operational efficiency and adherence to management plans and policies

2.       That the internal control, internal check and internal audit in Peco Feeds Limited has been of immense help to the management both in the areas of safeguarding the assets of the organization and the prevention of questionable claims and payments

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In other that the research provides the results, the following research problems, which revolve around the basic elements of an effective and efficient internal control, system would be utilized in testing the research hypothesis.

1.          To what extent does the organizational structure and responsibility sharing arrangement in Peco Feeds Ltd reflect the existence of an effective an efficient control system?

2.          How efficient is the internal control system in Peco Feeds Ltd with regards to the safeguard of its fixed and other assets as well as in the prevention of questionable claims and payments?

3.          How efficient is the accounting system in use in Peco feeds Ltd with regard to responsiveness to the organizational objectives as well as in the area of accuracy and reliability of the financial records prepared under the system?

4.          To what extent has the existence of an internal audit unit in Peco Feeds Ltd helped in the promotion of operational efficiency and encouragement of adherence to management policies?

LIMITATIONS OF TERMS

In very human undertaking, there has to be a limitation. The limitation could be internal or external; internal to the extent of the researchers ability and external to the extent of things outside the control of the researcher.

In this undertaking finance and time has been the most constraining factor. Some others include the usual Nigerian attitude to label every imaginable piece of information as confidential or to secret.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

1.     Internal control  - this is defined as “not only internal check and internal audit, but the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by management in order to carry on the business of the company in an orderly manner, safeguard the assets and secure as far as possible the accuracy and reliability of its records.

2.     Internal check- this is defined as “the allocation of authority and work in such a manner as to afford checks on the routine transactions of day to day work by means of the work of one person being checked or controlled independently by another “.

3.     Internal audit: this is defined as “an independent appraisal activity within an organization for review of accounting, financial and other operations as a basis for service to management.

It is a management controls which functions by measuring and evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of other control.

4.     System: this is define is an organized or a complex whole. It is a set of a complex related or a an arrange of essential principles or facts arranged in a rational dependence or collection forming a coherent whole.

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