ABSTRACT
Parental
socio-economic status largely determines where a family reside, quality and
quantity foods they eat, quality school the child attends among others. It is
not clear the extent it influences on parental involvement and academic
achievement of students. However, the study was therefore designed to examine
the influence of parental socioeconomic status in school involvement and
academic achievement of secondary school students in Kosofe Local Government
Area of Lagos State. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. A
researcher designed questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents of
120 (SS2 students) randomly selected from four (4) Senior Secondary school. The
data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.
The results of the analysis revealed that socio-economic status of
parents (particularly educational level and occupational status of parents) has
little or no impact on school involvement and academic achievement of students.
The study furthers revealed that the higher the educational qualification of
both parents, the higher the likelihood they would be involved in their
children education. The study recommends that schools should strengthen their
parents-teachers’ forums so as to induce parents interest in their children’s
academics. The school administrator can also create online platforms where
parents can conveniently access academic profiles of their children.
Keywords: Parental
Socio-Economic Status, Academic Achievement, School Involvement
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE: I NTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3
Purpose of the Study 5
1.4 Research Question 6
1.5 Research Hypothesis 6
1.6 Significant of the Study 7
1.7 Scope of the Study 7
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of Parental Socio-Economic Status 9
2.2 Theoretical Framework 10
2.3 The Concept of Academic Achievement 12
2.4 Factors Influencing Academic Achievement of
Students 12
2.5 The
Concept of Parental Involvement 14
2.6 Factors
Influencing Parents’ Involvement in the
Education of their Children 15
2.7 Parental
Involvement and Students Academic Achievement 18
2.8 Review
of Empirical Studies 19
2.9 Summary of the Review 22
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction 23
3.2 Research Design 23
3.3 Population of the Study 23
3.4 Sample and Sample Technique 24
3.5 Research Instrument 24
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
4.1 Hypothesis Testing 25
4.2 Summary of Findings 30
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion of Findings 31
5.2 Conclusion 32
5.3 Recommendations 33
5.4
Suggestion for Further Study 34
References 35
Appendix
39
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.2
Background
of the Study
Education
is the key to creating a society which is dynamic, productive, offering
opportunities and fairness to all. Education
is the best legacy parents can give to their children. The development of
nation start from the family, when the family succeeds in teaching and
impacting good values in their children, the country becomes a better place to
live. It is generally believed that the basis for any true development must
commence with the development of human resource. Formal education is the demonstration
of such desires to effectively and efficiently build a sound and strong
economy.
Education
is the process of learning and acquiring skills for the benefit of the
individual and the society as a whole. Education could be formal, non -formal
or informal. Formal education is the
institutionalized teaching in relation to a curriculum. It is a classroom based
knowledge provided by trained teachers in a systematic intentional way. Thus
schooling is a concept that defines an institution that provides education.
According to the MDG goals of 2020, education is a major trust of the United
Nations for all its member countries. Equally, the operation of educational
institutions is central to the realisation of the goals and objective of any
nation.
In
Nigeria, the major activities of educational institutions centre on the
building and development of human capacity to serve the development needs of
the nation at all levels. Going by the forewords to the National Policy on
Education (2013) edition, education is seen as an investment for economic,
social and political development; an aggregate tool of empowerment for the
poor, and the socially marginalised groups; an effective means of developing
full capacities and potentials of human resources, as well as development of
competent work force through the acquisition of practical life skills relevant
to the world of work as a veritable means of developing sound intelligent
learning societies fit and relevant to the 21st century.
From
the fore going, it is instructive to note that educational institutions in
Nigeria are saddled with enormous responsibilities, but there are factors
militating against the achievement of this goal. One of them is truancy as may
be influenced by many other factors one of which is the parental socio-economic
factor. Numerous factors have been identified in various research studies to be
responsible for continuous declining of educational system. Various factors
such as classroom size, poor teacher-student ratio, inadequate instructional
materials, attitude of teachers towards work and lack of seriousness in the
part of the students. Motivation for this study is that some student are
extremely good in their work, while some are extremely bad. When such
variations in scores are traced it is more often discovered that family
background is a major contributory factor. It is therefore important that the
level of such contributions and the influence they have on children be examined
so that useful suggestions to parents and teachers, educational planners and
government could be made.
The
quality of students’ performance remains at top priority for educators. It is
meant for making a difference locally, regionally, nationally and globally.
Educators, trainers, and researchers have long been interested in exploring
variables contributing effectively for quality of performance of learners.
These variables are inside and outside school that affect students’ quality of
academic achievement. These factors may be termed as student factors, family factors, school factors and peer factors (Crosnoe,
Johnson & Elder, 2004). The formal investigation about the role of these
demographic factors rooted back in 17th century (Mann, 1985).
Generally these factors include age, gender, geographical belongingness,
ethnicity, marital status, socioeconomic status (SES), parents’ education
level, parental profession, language, income and religious affiliations. These
are usually discussed under the umbrella of demography (Ballatine, 1993). In a
broader context demography is referred to as a way to explore the nature and
effects of demographic variables in the biological and social context.
Unfortunately, defining and measuring the quality of education is not a simple
issue and the complexity of this process increases due to the changing values
of quality attributes associated with the different stakeholders’ view point
(Blevins, 2009; Parri, 2006).
In
the recent study, socioeconomic status is one of the most researched and
debated factor among educational professionals that contribute towards the
academic performance of students (Muola, 2010). The most prevalent argument is
that the socioeconomic status of learners affects the quality of their academic
performance. Most of the experts argue that the low socioeconomic status has
negative effect on the academic performance of students because the basic needs
of students remain unfulfilled and hence they do not perform better
academically (Adams, 1996). Muola
(2010) stated that the urge to achieve varies from one individual to the other.
For some, the need for achievement is very high while for others, it is very
low. He adds that achievement motivation is learnt through the socialization
process.
Parental
involvement takes many forms including good parenting in the home, the
provision of a secure and stable environment, intellectual stimulation,
parent-child discussion, good models of constructive social and educational
values and high aspirations relating to personal fulfillment and good
citizenship. It also entails contact with schools to share information,
participation in school events, participation in the work of the school and
participation in school governance (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003). A
child’s capability to succeed in school depends on how successfully the child
is managed by his /her parents in the home environment. It is an environment
where the child learns the skills, attitudes and behavior which could mould
them into a productive and successful student. However, not every child comes
from a home that could provide them with the requisite educational resources
necessary for their academic success, a parent’s socioeconomic status plays an
important role in providing these educational resources and it appears to
impose the greatest impact on the child’s educational outcomes (Vellymalay,
2012). Socioeconomic status has a relatively strong impact on parental
involvement on students’ academic achievement compared to other factors.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
gap in the performance between students and quality of academic performance
constitute a great source of worry and serious concern as well as discomfiture
to parent, schools managers, policy makers and various governments responsible
for education of student in secondary schools.
Experience
has shown that among the secondary school students, there exist some
differences which influence student academic performance such as some student
being able to pay their school fees promptly, while others were often sent away
for non-payment of school fees, some student have problem with the provision of
school uniform but others do not. Likewise, some student were motivated by
their parent through the provision of educational materials like computers,
textbooks and exercise books, others
were not, whereas some student come to school properly feed others were not.
One then wonders whether the influence of family background had played in these
issues.
1.4
Purpose
of the Study
The
main objective of the study is to examine the influence of parental
socio-economic status on school involvement and academic achievement of
Secondary School students in Kosofe Local Government Area, Lagos. Specific objectives
of the Study include:
1. To
find out the influence of parental social economic status on school involvement
of Secondary Students.
2. To
investigate into the effect of parental socio-economic status on academic
achievement of students.
3. To
ascertain the influence of parental educational attainment in the school
involvement of their children.
4. To
determine the influence of parents’ occupation on school involvement.
5. To
study the influence of parental school involvement on academic performance of
students.
1.4 Research Question
For the purpose of this research work the
following research questions have been formulated;
1. Is
there effect of parental social-economic status on the school involvement of
secondary students?
2. Does
parental socio-economic status influence the academic achievement of students?
3. What
is the influence of parents’ educational attainment in school involvement?
4. Does
parents’ occupation influence school involvement?
5. Does
parental school involvement influence academic achievement?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The
following hypothesis will be tested to guide this study;
1. There
is no significant relationship between parental socio-economic status and school involvement of student.
2. The
socio-economic status of parent has no significant influence on the academic
performance of secondary school students’.
3. There
is no significant relationship between parents’ socio-economic status and
school involvement.
4. There
is no significant relationship between parents’ occupation and school
involvement of students.
5. There
is no significant relationship between parental involvement and students’
academic achievement.
1.6 Significant of the Study
This
study when completed will help parents to be aware of the effect the family has
on the children and how such affect the child positively and negatively in
relation to their school involvement and academic performance. From the
available recommendations, they will be able to adopt measures of bringing up
their children in such a way that they will perform well academically. Similarly,
it is likely to encourage parents to make their children relatively comfortable
in school. This study also could aid children of various families to be aware
and bear in mind their parent inability to provide them all the necessary
requirement in schools, and also sympathize with them in family problems and
situations.
More
also, educational and curriculum planners could be guided in planning the
curriculum without rigidity to suit diverse cultural environment. In addition,
the teachers would be aware that cordial teacher parent relationship may in a
way improve the influence of family background on academic performance of a
child in school.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This
study will focus mainly on the influence of parental socio-economic status on
school involvement and academic performance of secondary school student in Kosofe
Local government Area of Lagos State.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
The
study makes use of certain concepts, which need explanation and this is due to
the relativity of concepts and the meaning.
·
Occupational
Status: Person’s trade vocation or principal means
of earning living.
·
Socio-Economic
Status: This refers to position of recognition
which one finds him in the society. Such a position may not be hereditary but
acquired through personal efforts like education, wealth, occupation and social
class.
·
Academic
Performance: This refers to the student’s
achievement, scores within the class and position relative to all those
subjected to the same test.
·
Parental
Educational Attainment: Is the highest grade
completed by parents within the most advanced level attended in the educational
system.
·
Parental
Occupation: Is the work that a parent
does. It is an activity that a person spends time doing.
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