ABSTRACT
The study examined the effect
of instructional materials on student’s academic performance in geography in
Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State.
Four secondary schools were
selected from the local government for research purpose. Total of eight (8)
teachers and thirty two (32) students were the sample used. The instrument used
for the study was a structured questionnaire designed by the researcher. The
data collected was analyzed using simple percentage and chi-square.
The findings revealed that there was
significant difference in the performance of the students taught with
instructional materials and those taught instructional materials, there was no
significant difference between the performance of male and female students
taught with instructional materials, there was significant relationship between
the availability of text books and student’s academic performance, finally, the
last hypothesis also revealed that finally, the last hypothesis also revealed
that there was significant relationship between thee instructional materials
and student’s academic performance in geography.
Base on the above findings,
the following recommendation were made: more qualified geography teaches who
are conversant with the application of instructional materials in teaching the
subject should be employed; Government
should assist in provision of modern instructional materials; constant
seminars and workshop should be organized for teacher on the important of
instructional material and its application of teaching process; the experience
teacher need to be motivated with the provision of incentives such as merit
award; the time allocation for the teaching of geography should be extended;
the ministry of education should be inspecting and monitoring the use of
available instructional materials by the teachers during the class room
teaching.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the
Study
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concept of Instructional
Materials
Types of Instructional
Materials
Audio, Visual and
Audio-Visual materials.
Roles and Importance of
instructional materials in teaching and learning
Geography
Concepts of academic performance.
Instructional Materials and
Academic Performance
Appraisal of the Literature
Reviewed
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Population, Sample and
Sampling Techniques
Research Instrument
Validity of the Instrument
Reliability of the Instrument
Procedure for Data Collection
Data Analysis Techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result
of Data Analysis
Discussion of Findings
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The relevance of
the utilization of instructional materials in the teaching and learning
situation in schools cannot be over emphasized. The falling standard of education is
attributed largely to the problem of unqualified teachers and lack of adequate
instructional materials. Nular (1997)
asserted that, when students’ interest were aroused, lesson becomes real,
students, therefore, participate more actively and retain more, particularly
when instructional materials are adequately used.
Instructional
materials are print and non-print items that are designed to impact information
to students in the educational process.
Instructional materials include items, such as kits, textbooks,
magazines, newspapers, pictures, recordings, slides, transparencies, videos,
video Disc, work book, chat and electronic media including but not limited to
music movies, radio, software, CD –ROMS and online services.
Instructional
materials plays a very important roles in the teaching learning process. It enhances the memory level of the
students. At this time, education has
spread wide and entirely oral teaching cannot be the key to successful pedagogy,
therefore, the teacher has to use instructional materials to make the teaching-learning
process interesting. It is the use of
instructional materials that can enhance the learning achievement (Nicholls,
2000; Raw 2003). Crobac (1989) stated
the important elements of behaviour that provide the basis for learning theory:
situations, the situation consists of all the objects, persons and symbols in
learning environment. Experience in
situation prepared a person to respond to similar situation on the future
situation must be created in which learner can be satisfied. Personal characteristics under this heading
will include all the abilities and all the typical responses that the person
brings to the situation.
Instructional
materials is used efficiently and actively to facilitate the teaching-learning
process in most advance countries such as united state of America. However, the situation is not good enough in
most of the developing countries, as well as in Nigeria. Firstly, only the lower quality and less
quantity of instructional materials are provided to schools, in this way, the
availability of instructional material is very low. Secondly, teachers are not trained properly
for the use of instructional materials.
Thirdly, teachers do not have interest in using the instructional
materials in their teaching process. Instructional materials are classified
into three categories namely: visual materials, audio materials and
audio-visual materials. Visual
materials are the materials (instructional materials) which transmit information
and could be coded using the sense of sight.
They may be concrete objects such as model or print such as photographs,
magazines and journals. There category
of instructional materials is usually captivating and because of this
potentials, learners learn through them effectively. This brings to mind the chines adage that
says what I hear I forget, what I see I remember and what I do, I understand (
Babatunde 2006 ).
The use of
instructional materials, therefore, becomes more relevant in the studying of
geography since it deals with distribution of phenomena on the earth surface.
Despite the general importance of instructional materials and the peculiar
significant to geographical studies, a number of experts like that of Badaaiye
(1989) and Iwoh (1990) have revealed that instructional materials were either
not adequate or not available in schools and those ones that were on ground
were not adequately used by the teachers. The resultant effect is the poor
teaching and learning of subject which metamorphosed into poor performance of
students in secondary school and even lead to poor enrolment of students for
geography. In summation, to achieve
effectiveness of instruction, conducive and attractive learning environment and
for the learners attention to be better controlled and sustained, adequate use
of instruction materials become pertinent.
Student’s academic
performance in secondary schools subject can either be affected positively or
negatively. This is as a result of the
factors affecting the performance of students which can mold the secondary
education either directly or indirectly. According
to Sual (1984), the students themselves contributed to their performance in
geography, their careless reading habit, wrong use of time, poor technique and
method of answering questions. They do not read to comprehend on the given
questions before making their choice and answering. The poor performance of
students in social science subjects especially geography has been reported by
some scholars. Balogun (2000) reported that over 80% of failure in geography
are due to
Statement of the Problem
The
problem of the study is to examine the influence of instructional materials on
academic performance of students in geography in Ilorin West Local Government
Area.
Purpose of the Study
The general purpose
of this study is to assess the influence of instructional materials on the
teaching and learning of geography and on the students’ academic performance in
geography in Ilorin West Local Government Area Secondary Schools of Kwara
State. Other specific, purpose are:
a. To examine the difference on students taught
with and without an instructional materials
b. To examine the gender factors on the students
academic performance in geography
c. To determine the quality and quantity of
instructional materials available for teaching geography in selected schools
and their impact on student’s performance
d. To examine the impart of instructional material
on the performance of geography students
e. To confirm the relevance of instructional
material to the teaching of geography
f. To provide a possible way out of improving the
students academic performance in geography in secondary schools.
g. To recommend ways of keeping up the use of
instructional materials
Research Hypotheses
In order to verify
the impact of instructional materials on students performance in geography, the
following hypotheses were formulated to be tested to aid the study.
H01: There is no significant difference in the
academic performance of students taught with instructional materials and those
taught without instructional materials.
H02: There is no significant difference between
the academic performance of male and female students taught with instructional
materials.
H03: There is no significant relationship
between the availability of text books and students ’academic performance in
geography.
H04: There is no significant relationship
between the instructional materials and students academic performances in
geography.
Significance of the Study
The study will be
greatly important to the following categories of people: parent, school administrators, curriculum
planners and developers, educational researchers, educational policy makers,
government, the public at large most especially the teachers and learners of
geography in Ilorin West Local Government Area.
The study may enable teachers of geography to
have more knowledge about different resources and materials that are useful for
teaching and learning of the subject in a more effective and efficient way. Many
teachers might have been prepared in the delivery of their lessons but when it
comes to using of instructional materials to bring close the concept, they may
not know the relevant one that is suitable.
The
finding to be derived from this study
would provide a sound basis for policy development on the provision and usage
of instructional materials in secondary schools.
The study would
also help the educational planners to restructure the educational programme and
curriculum in order to improve the teaching process as regards geography as
subject. The study would create
awareness in the improvisation of local instructional materials or teaching
aids, so that teaching and learning would be more meaningful, interesting and stimulating. School administrators would equally benefit
from the findings of this study, because it will enable them to identify the
problems militating against effective teaching geography in secondary schools,
and this can help them to offer possible solutions to the identified problems.
Finally the
research would also form a basis for further investigation in area of
instructional materials to bring about significant improvement in teaching
geography.
Scope and Limitation of the
Study
The study covers
the entire secondary schools in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara
State. Due to financial constraints and accessibility to data, four secondary
schools were selected out of many secondary schools in Ilorin East Local
Government Area. Response gathered from the selected secondary schools will be
used to generalized the influence of instructional materials on students
academic performance in geography in Ilorin East Local Government Area.
Definition of Terms
The terms and
variables that are operationally used in the course of this study are defined
as perceived by the researcher. These
include:
Geography:- This is the subject that deals with the study
of the multiplicity of phenomenon present on the earth surface and their
distribution.
Instructional Materials:- This a collection of materials and equipment
that are used to help in communication between two or more people, it may be
inform of Audio – visual specimen and
items in the locality.
Visual Materials:- These
are instructional materials or objects which transmit information to the
learners and could be coded using the sense of sight. i.e they may be concrete
objects such as models or prints such as photocopy or printed materials in the
form of newspaper magazine and journals.
Audio Material:- These are instructional objects whose
information can be decoded by the sense of hearing e.g radio, gramophone.
Audio-Visual Material:- These
are instructional materials whose information can be coded and decoded by the
use of two sense simultaneously i.e by use of hearing and sight at the same
time e.g Television, video.etc.
Academic Performance:- High output or understanding of lesson taught
which are achievable in the long run or short run goal. This was to be carried
out through test and examination.
Learning:-Bringing
out changes behaviour of a person as a result of experience brought about by
person motivation, interest, thinking activity external factors (direct
instruction incidental experience, reading, discussion. etc)
Resources:-This can
be human or materials that are employed in the process of transferring
knowledge.
Human Resources:-These
are personal or teachers that are involved in transferring knowledge.
Resource person:-These
are certified experienced professional on specified field of study.
Attitude:- The way
teachers and students think and feel about the usage of instructional
materials.
Geography Teacher:- These
are professional qualified and certified teacher teaching geography.
Teacher of geography:-These
are teachers who teach geography but have their certificate not in geography
but on related paid like social studies, Town planning etc.
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