ABSTRACT
The study investigated the influence of cosmetics on the money management of undergraduate students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Specifically the study identified the effect of cosmetics on the physical appearance of the female students. It also determined the purposes of wearing cosmetics and makeups, influence of cosmetics use on the money management of female undergraduate students and measures taken to acquire money for makeup. Four research questions guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised of the female undergraduate students. The sample size was 246 female undergraduate students. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The instrument was validated by home economics lecturers. Data were analyzed using percentage, means and frequency. The findings were that the majority of the female students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike uses makeup everyday and applies the makeup for themselves, The female students shared and borrowed makeup from friends because those that borrow has no money to buy one and those that shared gets broke because they spend much on makeup, the female undergraduate students wear makeup to cover blemishes/scars, to get attention, to compete with friends, to feel high self esteem, for fun, to meet up expectations, and also to wear it because others are wearing it and finally that the female students allocates their money more on makeup and can do anything to get money for makeup. Some engages in social vices like robbery, while others acquire from friends, family and some engaged in part time jobs to acquire money for make-ups. The recommendations that were made was that the female students needs to budget their money very well and spend less on makeup by going for cheaper products that has same qualities with the costlier products. Though the costlier products may be safer, durable and of good quality, but one can still find cheaper products that have a good quality by being consumer educated on such products. Also government and beauty industries should sort a way to reduce the cost of products to an affordable amount for students that cannot afford the beauty products. The universities government and the country should make effort to ameliorate the hardship associated with acquaintance of money for the students in order to avoid immoral acts among the female students to acquire money for makeup.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background
of Study 1
1.2 Statement
of Problem 4
1.3 Objectives
of Study 5
1.4 Research
Questions 6
1.5 Significance
of Study 6
1.6 Scope
of Study 7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Conceptual
Frameworks 8
2.1.1 History of Makeup (Cosmetics) 10
2.1.2 Cosmetic in Ancient Cultures 11
2.1.3 Modern Cosmetology 11
2.1.4 Money 12
2.1.5 Management 12
2.1.6 Undergraduates 13
2.2 Theoretical
Frameworks 13
2.2.1 Feminist Legal Theory 15
2.2.2 Theory
of Ideals of Beauty 16
2.3 Review
of Empirical Studies 20
2.4 Summary
of Literature Studies 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 23
3.1 Introductions 23
3.2 Area of the study 23
3.3 Research
Design 23
3.4 Population of Study 24
3.5
Sampling Techniques 24
3.6 Instrument
for the Study 25
3.7 Validation
of Instrument 25
3.8 Data
Collection Technique 26
3.9 Data
Analysis Technique 26
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 28
4.1 Personal
Characteristics 28
4.2 Ways
of Cosmetics Use 30
4.3
Effects of Cosmetics 33
4.4 purpose
of makeup 34
4.5a
Influence of Makeup on Money Management 35
4.5b: Allocation of Money 36
4.6 Measures
Taken to Acquire Money for Makeup 39
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 41
5.1 Summary
41
5.1.1 Restatement of the Problems 42
5.1.2 Description of Procedures Used 42
5.1.3 Findings 43
5.2 Conclusion 44
5.3 Recommendation 44
REFERENCE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 personal characteristics
of the female students 28
Table 4.2 Ways of Cosmetics Use 30
Table 4.4 purpose of makeup 34
Table
4.5a Influence of Makeup on Money Management 35
Table
4.5b: Allocation of Money 36
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Cosmetics also known as makeup are
care substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the body. They are mixture of chemical compounds, some
being derived from natural sources (such as coconut oil) and many being
synthetic.
Cosmetics serve as a sign to
feminine in their symbolization of stereotypical feminine values. They are
often seen as a way to enhance feminine beauty ideals and serve to help women
to conform to our society’s beauty expectations.
In America, female students are
seeking ways to change their appearance to fit the American ideal of beauty which
are rosy cheek and pouty red lips (Poran, 2002).
Female students wear makeup with the
belief that it will positively affect the level of attractiveness. Upper social
class women particularly female students are most dissatisfied with their
bodies. A female student can use cosmetics to both hide the things she does. Makeup
holds the possibility for a female student to personally transform herself
resulting in an increase in self confidence.
According to keelson, Kearney–Cooke
and Lansky (2003), there are certain pressures on female students to meet
cultural standards of beauty as well as rewards involved for those female
students who use cosmetics to reach these standards, such as increased
attention from the opposite sex and idol recognition from other females.
Cultural definition of feminine beauty varies with regards to body size and
skin, complexion, hair length and colors and the use of adornments.
Money is any item or verifiable
record that is generally accepted as a means of payment for goods and services
and repayment of debt in a particular country or socio-economic context, or
easily converted such form. (Bernstein 2008). Money is something that is
generally accepted as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, or means of
payment. Money is any good that is widely accepted in exchange of goods and
services, as well as payment of debts. Most people will confuse the definition
of money with other things, like income, wealth and credit. The functions of
money are money can be used for buying and selling of goods and services. If
there were no money, goods would have to be exchanged through the process of
barter. But money eliminates the need of the double coincidence of wants. Money
is the common standard for measuring relative worth of goods and services. money
is the most liquid asset (liquidity measures how easily assets can be spent to
buy goods and services) money’s value can be retained over time. It is a
convenient way to store wealth.
According to Fredmund (2011)
Management is the transformation of resources into utility while Henri (2001)
sees management as to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate
and to control. Henri also considers management to consist of six functions
which are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
Money management is a strategic
technique employed to make money yield the highest interest-yielding value for
any amount spent (Harris 2002). Spending money to satisfy cravings (regardless
whether they can be justifiably included in a budget) is a natural phenomenon.
The idea of money management techniques has been developed to reduce the amount
that students, individuals, firms and institutions spend on items which add no
significant value to their standard of living, long-term portfolios and assets
(Gomez & Lindloff 2011).
Studying the influence of cosmetics
use on the money management of female students in Michael Okpara University of
Agricultural Umudike is very important to know if makeups has any influence on
the female students money management. One of the most important areas of
responsibility to university students is to manage their money or allowance and
this responsibility becomes part of the university students lives. Being on
their own for the first time after high school is a new experience for many
teens.
The freedom of choosing friends,
food, dormitory and life style are challenging. Having such freedom together
with high responsibilities could be harmful without proper monitoring. Many
female students lack money management skills and this often causes problem to
parents, friends, society and themselves engaging in an immoral act like
prostitution, cultism, drug and robbery etc.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The need for beauty is an essential
thing for female students particularly undergraduates.
Many female students feel
uncomfortable leaving the home without wearing makeup, no matter the
destination. Makeup has become a source of oppression amongst female students
because the population does not feel beautiful without it and this has led to
impulsive spending of the students leaving them broke and engaging in an
immoral acts like prostitution, robbery, cultism, drugs and other social vices in
order to acquire financial aid to satisfy the crave for beauty.
This study therefore is geared
towards investigating the influence of cosmetics use on the money management of
female students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.
1.3 Objectives of Study
The main objective of this study is
to determine the influence of cosmetics use on the money management of female
undergraduate students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Specifically
the study sought to:
1. Determined the effect of cosmetics
on the physical appearance of the female undergraduate students.
2. Determined their purpose of wearing
cosmetics or makeup
3. Identified the influence of use of
cosmetics on the money management of female undergraduate students.
4. Determined the extra measures taken
to acquire money for makeup or cosmetics
1.4 Research
Questions
1. What are the effects of cosmetics on
the physical appearance of the students?
2. What are the purposes of wearing
cosmetics or makeup?
3. What are the influences of the use
of cosmetics on the money management of female undergraduate students?
4. What extra measures do students take
to acquire money for makeup?
1.5 Significance of Study
The study will be significant to the
following groups:
Students, Producers, Parents,
Government and the Academic Institutions.
v Students will benefit by reducing
their spending habits and economize money, it will also help them get the best
value for their money and boost their confidence and physical appearance.
v Producers will benefit by targeting
the right segment of market and consumers thus producing products that are
students friendly and cost effective and environmentally friendly products that
sustainable.
v Parents will benefit by making
adequate budget for their children particularly the female in order to protect
them from exposure to social vises such as prostitution, drugs and other
immoral acts in the desperation for money to satisfy the crave for beauty.
v Government will benefit by making
adequate policies and programmes that will enhance the production of cheap and
durable cosmetics for the reach of all female students who needs them and it
will also accommodate the spending habits of students, thus, having a friendly
economy. A stable economy will lead to a stable financial state of students and
effective spending habits.
v Academic institutions will benefit
by using the study as a research material for further investigation into this
field of study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study covered Michael Okpara University
of Agriculture, Umudike, facial cosmetics like loose, cake and liquid powder,
and the female undergraduates.
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