ABSTRACT
The implications of urbanization on the city settlement of Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria was studied to examine if infrastructural facilities, income and expenditure profile, rent paid on accommodation and urban governance have been improved with growing population in the study area. There are twenty layouts/estates that spread across the study area. These layouts were zoned in clusters according to their locations, viz, urban (A), north (B), south (C), east (D) and west (E). Random sampling produced 10 layouts (50 percent). Households were systematically administered questionnaire. Out of 389 households sampled 353 responded completely representing 90.75 percent success. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The tables of response - age, sex, educational qualification, head of household, and relationship with head of household were validated with mean comparison of clusters using One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result shows that head of household and educational qualification were statistically significant p = 0.005 and p = 0.010 respectively. The availability of infrastructural facilities to the population of the study area was analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression. Result shows that amount spent on road transport, amount spent on electricity, and distance to waste disposal point were statistically significant p = 0.05. The relationship between household incomes and expenditure profile of the study area was analyzed using Simple Linear Regression. The result shows that there is statistically significant relationship existing between expenditure and household income, p = 0.000 (p < 0.01). The average rent of accommodation for settlement livability was analyzed with One Sample t-Test. The mean rent of population was not significantly different from zero p=1.000. Mean rents of north, urban, south, and west clusters were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean rent of east cluster was statistically significant p = 0.000 (p < 0.01). The perception of people in the study area on urban governance in relation to standard of living was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis-H test. Result shows that there is a statistically significant difference in perception of study area on urban governance, χ2 (4) = 15.425, p = 0.004, (p < 0.01). The Post Hoc test shows that the difference on urban governance lies between west and east clusters p = 0.011 (p < 0.05) and urban and east clusters p = 0.019 (p < 0.05). The analyses of data in this research were based on 0.05 level of significance. Overall result shows that there is infrastructure deficit in the study area. Accordingly, the SDG Goal II, sustainable cities and communities, make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable would be a ruse if collaborative efforts of residence of Umuahia and government of Abia State at large were not pooled together to strategize and rijig the present state of affairs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Declaration
ii
Certification
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgment v
Table
of Contents vi
List
of Tables ix
List
of Figures x
List
of plates xi
Abstract
xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study 1
1.2
Statement of the Problem 3
1.3
Aim and Objectives of the Study 4
1.4
Research Questions 5
1.5
Scope of the Study 5
1.6
Justification of the Study 6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Theoretical Framework 7
2.1.1
Ecological complex 7
2.1.2
Political economy models 9
2.2
Brief History of Cities 11
2.2.1
Pre-industrial period 11
2.2.2
Cities of the industrial era 12
2.2.3
Cities of the post-industrial epoch 14
2.3
Concept of Urbanization 16
2.4
Urbanization Trends in Developed and Developing Countries 19
2.5
Consequences of Urbanization 22
2.5.1
Infrastructural facilities 22
2.5.2
Income and expenditure profile 23
2.5.3
Settlement livability 24
2.5.4
Urban governance 25
2.5.5
Environmental effects of urbanization 25
2.6
Sustainable City 28
2.6.1
Infrastructural facilities for sustainable cities 29
2.6.2
Income and expenditure profile for sustainable cities 30
2.6.3
Settlement livability for sustainable cities 32
2.6.4
Urban governance for sustainable cities 32
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Brief History of Umuahia 34
3.2
Sources of Data 39
3.2.1
Secondary data sources 39
3.22
Primary data sources 39
3.3 Sample Frame 40
3.4
Sampling Techniques 54
3.4.1
Systematic sampling 54
3.5
Description of the Instrument Used for Data Collection 55
3.6
Description of Statistical Tools Used in Analyses 56
3.6.1
One-way analysis of variance 57
3.6.2
Multiple linear regression 57
3.6.3
Simple linear regression and correlation analysis 58
3.6.4
One sample t-test 59
3.6.5
Kruskal-wallis-H test 59
3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 60
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Data Presentation and Analysis 61
4.1.1
Determine the extent of availability of infrastructural facilities 63
4.1.2
Assess the relationship between household incomes and expenditure profile 78
4.1.3
Determine the average rent of accommodation for settlement livability 80
4.1.4
Ascertain the perception of people on urban governance 86
4.2
Discussion of Results 89
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion 98
5.2
Recommendations 99
References 101
Appendices 107
LIST OF TABLES
3.1:
Geographical location of layouts in Umuahia 41
3.2:
Sampled layouts and percentage representation according to clusters/groups 42
3.3
Result of systematic sampling on the household of the ten layouts in the study
area 55
4.1:
Validation of responses by mean comparison of cluster 61
4.2
Average household size 63
4.3:
Multiple linear regression estimates of the model 64
4.4;
Is the access to your residence paved/tarred? 65
4.5:
Do your roads have potholes? 66
4.6:
Who are incharge of these roads? 66
4.7:
Are the roads maintained? 67
4.8:
Are you connected to public electricity? 68
4.9:
Supply of electricity in hours per week 69
4.10:
What is the source of water for household use? 69
4.11:
Do you pay for the water 70
4.12:
How does your household store waste before disposal? 71
4.13:
Where do you disposed waste? 72
4.14:
Which agency does your household pay sanitation fees? 77
4.15:
Simple linear regression estimate of the model 78
4.16:
Are you employed? 79
4.17:
Employment status 79
4.18:
One sample statistics 80
4.19:
One sample test 81
4.20:
One sample statistics (groups) 81
4.21:
One sample test (groups) 82
4.22:
Are you a tenant? 84
4.23:
Test statistics 86
4.24: Mean rank 86
4.25:
Pairwise comparisons of perception on urban governance 87
4.26:
Do you have security challenges in your layout/estate? 88
4.27:
Do you have security outfits? 89
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGES
3.1:
Abia State in the national setting 36
3.2:
Location of Study Area in Abia State setting 37
3.3:
Study Area and communities 38
3.4:
Distribution of sampled layouts 43
3.5:
Eghem Layout 44
3.6:
New Town Layout 45
3.7:
New Industrial and Housing Layout 46
3.8:
Uzo Avoiteyi Layout 47
3.9:
Ehimiri Housing Estate 48
3.10:
IBB Phase 1 Layout 49
3.11:
Amuzukwu Layout 50
3.12:
Isieke Housing Layout 51
3.13:
Low Cost Housing Estate 52
3.14:
Ukaegbu Housing Estate 53
LIST OF PLATES
4.1:
ASEPA waste receptacle at item street by Umuwaya Road 73
4.2
Filled up and overflowing ASEPA receptacle at Afara Olokoro Road
adjoining Federal Low Cost Housing 74
4.3:
Dilapidated ASEPA waste receptacle at Awolowo Street by Umuwaya Road 75
4.4:
Recovered receptacle for refurbishment 76
4.5
Informal settlement 85
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Urbanization
is a global phenomenon that has taken various dimensions in the world
continental history. In all of its spheres, it has a beginning but the end of
urbanization is usually neither determinable nor foreseeable in all the
countries it is taking place. This is because of many reasons that border on
its origin, culture, economy, administration, demography, development and other
implied reasons that might have propelled it. Accordingly, urbanization has
been described as demographic, United Nations Development of Economic and
Social Affairs/Population Division (UNDESA/PD, 2012); ecological, Travernia and
Reed (2009); sociological, Pivo (1996) and economic, Bao and Fang (2012)
phenomena that concentrate population in urban areas. They further stated that
it has the potential to either stimulate or retard growth and development of
the towns, cities, metropolis, mega cities, megalopolis in both developed and
developing countries. Based on this description, it is logical to conclude that
urbanization is a veritable phenomenon that takes place within the purview of
two basic factors; population growth and urban environment. Thus Palen (2012)
stressed that the term urbanization refers to the proportion of persons living
in urban places.
In
Nigeria, towns and cities have experienced growth in population encouraged by
the creation of 36 states. For instance, the population of Nigeria increased
from 140, 431, 790, at the growth rate of 0.0318 in 2006 census (National
Population Commission, 2006) to a projection of 199, 681, 159 at the growth
rate of 0.032 in 2017 (NPC, 2017). In the same manner, the population of Abia
State increased from 2,845,380 in 2006 to 3,829,356 in 2017 (NPC, 2017). At the
creation of Abia State on August 27, 1991, there were three major cities, Aba,
Umuahia and Ohafia as well as many development centers adjudged as growth
points in Abia State.
However,
Umuahia, the capital of Abia State experienced a population upsurge as it
became the seat of government. Thus the population of Umuahia has grown from
220,104 in 1991 to 528,729 in 2015 (Abia State Planning Commission, 2015). This
is an increase of more than 140 percent which could have been caused by factors
that include increased birth rate, low death rate and immigration. The
pertinent question is, with this galloping population of Umuahia, has there
been a corresponding and commensurate increase in the construction of road,
supply of electricity and water, provision of adequate housing and livable
human settlements, environmental sanitation, public buildings for government
workers, institutions such as education, health, better standard of living and
good governance? This is actually what this study is set out to discover.
Apart
from the fact that the Umuahia Capital Territory is coterminous with the
geographical coverage of Umuahia North, Umuahia South and parts of Ikwuano
Local Government Areas, it has never had any Master Plan since Abia State was
created. Master Plans are development schemes on which all forms of development
programmes whether physical, economic, administrative, social, among others.
depend upon. It is essentially a development compass that tailors the
achievement of an ideal city. In this regard, it presupposes that Abia State
does not have an informed scheme that guides and orders the process of
development for Umuahia and the Umuahia Capital Territory at large. Presently,
the study area which is an integral part of Umuahia Capital Territory has 20
residential layouts that were framed for the housing and settlement of the
population in the city. These layouts appear not to have been fully opened,
developed and accessed by the growing population. Consequently, the aftermath
of this situation is the springing up and mushrooming of unplanned
neighbourhood and informal sector settlements at the city fringes. The
implication of this state of affairs in the circumstance of urbanization in
Umuahia city settlement would be ascertained by this study. This is with
particular reference to Goal II of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
which centers on sustainable cities and communities with the aim of achieving
inclusive, safety, resilience and sustainable city.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
The
orderly and organized development of any city is expected to be a priority for
governments at all levels. Cities planned and developed form centers of
economic, social, political and cultural activities. If these activities
complement each other and interact in cities unguarded, it usually would
generate an urbanization process that might overtime congest and impinge
negatively on the existing facilities and infrastructure of such cities, to the
unavoidable detriment of the city settlers.
The
population of Umuahia city has grown astronomically high and it is doubtful if
the existing infrastructural facilities could support and sustain it. The
reason is that the existing roads, public water supply sources, electricity
supply equipment and other facilities were those built and installed in the
1970s and are now dilapidating.
Furthermore,
it was not evident that new public buildings such as adequate offices for
government workers and institutional buildings like hospitals, schools, post
offices have been constructed to adequately serve the teeming population. Also,
most of the present twenty residential layouts, in the study area still remained
bushy and vacant because they lacked the needed accommodation and
infrastructure that would encourage the public to access and develop them to
full capacity. This has given rise to the inundation of unplanned
neighbourhood, shanty and makeshift buildings at the city fringes to provide
the needed accommodation for the burgeoning population in the study area.
In
this regard, it is suspected that this situation could cause unsightly and
untidy environment as there might not be adequate waste receptacles and bins in
the Umuahia city for waste collection. Arising from above, it is difficult not
to assume that the standard of living of the Umuahia city settlements and the
existing urban governance would be likely low and substandard as the incidence
of urbanization kept rearing its head in the city.
Accordingly,
this research was geared towards studying the extent to which these challenges
suspected to have been created by urbanization in the city settlements of
Umuahia would be assessed in relation to the Goal II of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG).
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY
The
aim of this research is to study the implications of urbanization on the city
settlements of Umuahia, with a view to providing guidelines for achieving a
sustainable city.
The
following specific objectives were generated to achieve the aim of this study:
i. To
determine the extent of availability of infrastructural facilities for the
population of the study area
ii. To
assess the relationship between household incomes and expenditure profile of
the study area in comparison to the per capita income of the United Nations
iii. To
determine the average monthly rent of accommodation for settlement livability
in the study area.
iv. To
ascertain the perception of people in the study area on urban governance in
relation to standard of living in the five clusters.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following research questions were raised on this study:
i. What
is the extent of availability of infrastructural facilities to the population
of the study area?
ii. What
is the relationship between the household incomes and expenditure profile of
the study area in comparison to the per capita income of the United Nations?
iii. What
is the average monthly rent of accommodation for settlement livability in the
study area?
iv. What
is the perception of people in the study area on urban governance in relation
to standard of living in the five clusters?
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This
research concentrated on the implications of urbanization on the city
settlements of Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria. Umuahia in the context of this study
encapsulates both Umuahia North and South local government areas while city
settlements connote the established government and private layouts where people
were expected to acquire plots, develop and live within the study area. These
layouts were conventionally required to possess all the necessary infrastructural
facilities of modern residential settlements. They were at the time of study
twenty in number, grouped according to their locations as follows: Urban (A), North
(B), South (C), East (D) and West (E). This is for proper identification and
convenience of this study.
Also,
infrastructural facilities in this research meant road transport, electricity
and pipe borne water while income referred to as monthly household incomes
(take home package) and related
expenditure of the people in the study area. This research would also delve
into determining the average monthly rent for accommodation in the study area
in order to elicit the necessity of developing layouts and housing estates for
occupation by intending residents. Accordingly, this research would be
conducted on the households residing in the layouts in the study area. The
analyses of data were based on 0.05 level of significance.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE
STUDY
This
study is justified as it would reveal whether urbanization has affected the
city settlements of Umuahia positively or negatively. The reason is that
urbanization which is a trending phenomenon is imbued with dimensional
intricacies that would have either progressed or retrogressed the development
of a growing city such as Umuahia.
This
research would therefore provide an array of data and information on household
size, income profile, residential layout, existing infrastructural facilities
among others that would serve as academic referrals to lecturers and research
students. This research would also considerably unveil the status and
development perspective of the study area with particular reference to
infrastructural provision, relative livable human settlements, standard of
living, and existing urban governance. The
availability of these data and information would be employed for predictive
purposes or projection into the future for proper planning for Umuahia city,
Abia State and Nigeria at large.
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