ABSTRACT
This
research project tends to examine the Impact of Public Policy and Its Execution at the Grass Root (A Study of Napep in Badary Local Government)
Survey
design was employed with the use of a well structured questionnaire.
Respondents were selected based on simple random sampling technique. Sample
size of seventy one (71) respondents were selected.
Three
hypotheses were formulated and tested with the use of Chi-Square analysis. The
analysis resulted to rejecting all null hypotheses and hence accepting the
three alternate hypotheses.
Based on decisions of the tested hypotheses
conclusions were reached that; there is a significant relationship between public policy
formulation and execution at the grass-root; the various challenges public
policy formulation is facing have effect on policy execution at the grass-root;
Citizen Consultation and participation aids the actualization of public policy
formulation and execution at the grass-root. It was recommended that public
policy be it at federal state or local government should be separated from
politics.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Cover page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table
of content
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1.0
Background to the study
1.1 Statement of problem
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Statement of research questions
1.4 Statement of research hypothesis
1.5 Significant of the study
1.6 Scope of the study
1.8 History of Badagry
1.9 Organization of study
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Meaning of public policy
2.2 Significance of public policy
2.3 Factors influencing public policy
2.4 Public policy process
2.5 Historical overview of policy making in
Nigeria
2.6 Examination of NAPEP policy
2.7 Theoretical framework
2.8 Summary of the chapter
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research design
3.2 Restatement of research question
3.3 Restatement of research hypotheses
3.4 Population of the study
3.5 Sample and sampling techniques
3.6 Data collection instrument
3.7 Administration of data collection
instrument
3.8 Method of data analysis
3.9 Limitation of the methodology
CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis and
Presentation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Respondent characteristics and
classification
4.3 Presentation and analysis of
data according to research questions
4.4 Data presentation according to test of
hypothesis
4.5 Discussion of findings
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusions
and Recommendations
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to knowledge
5.5 Suggestion for further study
Bibliography
Questionnaires
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND TO
THE STUDY
Policies are crucial to the- success of all human endeavours (Ogunsola, 2008).
They clarify existing conditions and objectives, and articulate relevant actions
and strategies to reach the desired conditions. They also "involve taking
the necessary actions, evaluating their outcomes and impacts, drawing lessons
to guide future conducts and performances, and varying what is (to be) done in
the light of the lessons. It must be realized that the essence of public
policies is to improve the living conditions of the people (Akpan, 2000). The
incidence of policy failure could be tantamount to a worsening of the said
living conditions. This is especially so in the socioeconomic sphere. Nigeria's
poor socioeconomic conditions since the attainment of political independence
have been ascribed to a variety of causes. Prominent among these is policy
failure, which itself derives from a panoply of adverse influences.
These influences include, inter-alia, policy errors and poor
implementation of appropriate policies. It has often been advanced that Nigeria
has no difficulties with plan and policy formulation, while the problems are
usually with implementation. However, one important realization is that both
policy formulation and implementation are complementary facets of the policy
process.
Unless we cultivate this complementarily and take a holistic perspective
of the policy process, we can hardly guarantee the desired policy success. In
other words, an isolatory good performance in the area without the other
translates invariably to overall failure (Nancy, 1991).
At the level of policy formulation, policy errors have been known to
occur as a result of inadequate policy analysis amd inaccurate and untimely
data or outright unavailability of relevant information. In addition,
implementation problems traverse a wide range of issues, including. corruption,
lack of will to execute, emergence of unforeseen execution difficulties
deriving from inadequate analysis, adverse internal and external shocks and
sabotage and above all, inadequate materials for reference purposes (Gitu,
2001). Other problems arise from resistance from otherwise beneficiary
communities as a result of one-involvement and lack of popular participation,
and so forth. The cumulative consequence of the foregoing is the apparent and
emergent "Nigerian paradox" of a country that is rich in resources
while the citizens are predominantly poor (Keye, 1995).
Policy making can be defined as the elaboration of policy in terms of
formulation and implementation. It is the process by which the government or
enterprise develops and implements an effective strategy to meet desired
objectives (McClure, 2000). In this case, a strategy is the unified
comprehensive plan that is developed to reach these objectives. The policy
formulation process entails the determination of the policy problem, policy
content, design of implementation 'strategies, and monitoring, review and
revision of strategy. For any policy to achieve its goals, it must be
predicated on a clearly identified and articulated strategy. While a goal is a
statement of what is intended to be achieved, a strategy is a broad course of
action or unified comprehensive plan geared towards reaching the objectives.
Strategies are broad –statements f "how to" reach the goals: The
strategy chosen must derive from the social values or philosophy which informs
the policy and must be clearly and specifically linked with the goals of policy
(Ekaete, 2001).
Public policies, thus aim to promote societal well-being, good governance
and development. Accordingly, they deal with a wide range of societal issues -
economic, political, social, cultural, scientific and technological, and
environmental - for example, in agriculture, industry, defense: health,
population, social welfare, education, transport, utilities, housing,
environment, political structures and organizations, law and order, and
regulation of economic and social activities (Suberu, 1999).
Local policy-making is complex, demanding the very best of local
officials. It is worth the effort. The destiny of a community the fulfillment
of its dreams and aspirations - flow out of the exercise of policy-making. The
policy-making process weighs and balances public values. Often there is no
"right' choice or correct technical answer to the question at hand. That
is why policy-making can be an adversarial process, characterized by the clash
of competing and conflicting interests and viewpoints rather than an impartial,
disinterested or "objective" search for "correct" solutions
for policy problems. Because of these value clashes, the policy-making process
can get emotional. However, it does not have to be rancorous (Abubakar, 2004).
1.1 STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
Public policies are aimed at addressing the numerous problems and
concerns of societies. They can be simple or complicated, depending on the
nature of the problems. Economic policy making, for example, is much more
complicated than promulgating laws or regulations. While some major policies
can be changed by the "strokes of pen", most require a continuous and
difficult period of formulation, analysis and implementation (Wolgu, 1997).
Because public policy is an aggregation of a people's collective hopes,
wishes and aspirations, development decision-making should not be a top-down
but a needs-motivated, people supported, community-involved, bottom-up
process. This requires wide consultation prior to the initiation of policy and
involvement of stakeholders in policy implementation. But it is saddening to
note that in Nigeria today, majority of the people whom this public policy is
meant for are not well informed.
A policy must be conceived before it is formulated, but it must be
formulated before it can be implemented/executed. All these can only be done by
having adequate information and data which should be made available to the
public but unfortunately this is not so because of lack of adequate facilities
in Nigeria (Osundina, 1973).
The policy analyst must, however, note that informed policy decision have
to be based on proper scrutiny of data. The absence of adequate and reliable data
can handicap such a scrutiny and -consequent policy decisions. Government must,
therefore, adequately fund data gathering management and policy research, which
can help to identify problems, state options and - proffer practical
recommendations for easy decisions and action.
For a long time in Nigeria, especially during colonial era and immediate post-independence
period, policy making has not being guided by scientific models or principles but
by instrumentalism i.e., an experimental process by which government reacted to
problems and situations as they arose (Akpan, 2000). Although the situation has
since improved as reflected in certain key policies and programmes, many
economic and social problems in the country have subsisted because of weakness
in public policy formulation and implementation. Some of the weaknesses and
problems are due to inadequate information and data leading to "planning
without facts" and also most policy decisions and statements are not
predicated on sound analysis.
The major problem this project intends to investigate is the extent to
which there is a relationship between public policy formulation and its
execution at the Local Government level, how public policy can help improve the
living standard of the grass-root people, taking cognizance. of challenges
affecting policy at the grass-root.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to critically examine the
relationship between public policy formulation and execution at the grass-root.
Other specific objectives. Include:
v To underpin the various challenges of
public policy formulation and execution at the grass-root.
v To examine the role of citizen
consultation and participation in public policy formulation and execution at
the qrass-root.
1.3 STATEMENT OF
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions will guide this study:
v Has there been a correlation between
public policy formulation and execution at the grass-root level?
v Has the various challenges hindered
public policy formulation and execution at the grass-root?
v Has citizen consultation and
participation aided the actualization of public policy formulation and
execution at the grass-root?
1.4 STATEMENT OF
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Considering the nature of problems stated above, the following research
hypothesis would be tested for rejection or acceptance.
1 Ho: There is no significant relationship between public policy
formulation and execution at the grass-root.
Hi: There is a significant
relationship between public policy formulation and execution at the grass-root.
2 Ho: The various challenges public policy formulation is facing does not
have any effect on policy execution at the grass-root.
Hi: The various
challenges public policy formulation is facing have effect on policy execution
at the grass-root.
3 Ho: Citizen Consultation and participation does not aid actualization
of public policy formulation and execution at the grass-root.
Hi: Citizen Consultation
and participation aids the actualization of public policy formulation and
execution at the grass-root.
1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF
THE STUDY
The result of this study will bring to limelight the relationships that
exist between public policy formulation and execution at the local government
level called the grass-root. It will also confirm or debunk the role of
citizens and residents in the actualization of policy formulation and execution
at the grass-root. Finally, the study will equally critically examine the
challenges encountered in policy executions.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
This study will focus mainly on the impact of public policy execution at
the grass-root level it will be limited to Badagry Local Government; however
the study will provide the basic foundation required for further research.
1.7 LIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
The research will be restricted to the staff and populace of Badagry
Local Government in Lagos State because of the problems of time, cash
constraints, also lack of adequate facilitate and thorough examination and
analysis of the subject matter.
1.8 HISTORY OF
BADAGRY
The Ogu or Ogbugbe people of Badagry Local Government Area in the Lagos
southwest area are part of the Yoruba/Popo sub-group who emigrated from the
ancient ketu kingdom of present day Benin Republic .According to the historical
account, the Ogus originally migrated from lIe-lfe in the late 13th century
into the then Dahomey Empire which subjugated ketu Kingdom and from there broke
into two different waves.
While a band of the Ogu moved westward into Accra and Lome to Ga and Ewe
stocks respectively, the second group led by Akran Gbafoe, moved eastward along
Porto-Novo and Yewa creeks (later Badagry creeks). They settled along the Kweme
coastline and Olege lagoon to form the chain of Ogu communities with Badagry as
the epicenter in the 15th century. Badagry which is the centre of the Ogu
population in Nigeria derived its name "Agbadaigi" from the Ogu
reference Agbagreme which subsequently, at the advent of the Europeans in the
16th century was converted to Badaqry.
Since its founding, Badagry has grown from a small principality of four
Ogu sub-ethnic groups of Wheda, Wheme, Whra and the Combined Ga/Ewe and Ajah to
become an ancient major slave outpost; beacon of Western civilization and
Christianity in Nigeria and headquaters of Badagry division. It also become one
the five administrative division of Lagos state in time past. More importantly,
the town was the place in Nigeria where Christianity was first-preached in 1842
by Rev. Thomas Birch Freeman. Also, the first storey building in Nigeria, the
C.M.S (Anglican) Mission house was built in 1845 at the Marina (Asaju, 2006).
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF
STUDY
This research work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is
introducing the subject matter of the study stating the research problem,
objectives, significance, hypothesis, scope, limitation of the study and
definition of term.
Chapter two involves a thorough examination of the subject matter via
literature review. Journals and articles that- are related and relevant to the
research work.
Chapter three reveals the research methodology to be employed. Chapter
four is used to present relevant data gathered from various sources and the
analysis of these relevant data.
Chapter five which is the last chapter that summarizes the research work,
inference and recommendation.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Login To Comment