IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE LIFESTYLE OF NIGERIANS: A STUDY OF NSUKKA AND ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

This study focused on Impact of poverty on the lifestyle of Nigerians using Nsukka and Enugu north local government areas of Enugu state as a study. The specific objectives of the study are; to determine the extent to which poverty affect the lifestyle of Nigerians, to ascertain the various causes of poverty in Nsukka and Enugu North L.G.A of Enugu State and to examine the effects of poverty management strategies on the citizens of Nsukka and Enugu North  LGAS. The study adopted Survey Design. Data were collected using primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 798 was used and this was derived from the population of towns in the LGAs using Taro Yamane formula. The study found out that poverty level in the LGAs contradicts with the country’s wealth. This is because of income inequality in the area, non-provisions of social amenities. Poor income earning and unemployment was also traced to be the causes of poverty in the area as findings showed low standard of education, unemployment rate is very high and several poverty reduction programmes adopted to reduce poverty yielded no significance result as the respondent indicates high corruption, poor management and lack of commitment to the work among the poverty alleviation scheme. The study discovered that the strategies that can be used to manage poverty in the LGAS lies in the national political commitment; good governance and a desire by the leadership to serve Nigeria people. Finally, it was recommended that to make the poor benefit from country’s wealth , there is need to refocus public policy on a number of key priorities, provision of social amenities, creation of employment, investment in education and restricting and redesigning of poverty alleviation to centre on basic needs.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                    i

Declaration                                                                                                                  ii

Certification                                                                                                                 iii

Dedication                                                                                                                   iv

Acknowledgments                                                                                                       v

Table of Contents                                                                                                        vi

List of Tables                                                                                                               viii

Abstract                                                                                                                       ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1.      Background of the Study                                                                                  1

1.2.      Statement of the Problem                                                                                  4

1.3     Objectives of the Study                                                                                     6

1.4     Research Questions                                                                                           7

1.5     Research of Hypotheses                                                                                    7

1.6     Significance of the Study                                                                                  7

1.7     Scope of the Study                                                                                            8

1.8     Limitations of the Study                                                                                    9

1.9     Definition of Operational Terms                                                                       10

1.10   Profile of Nsukka Local Government Area                                                      12

1.11   Profile of Enugu North Local Government Area                                              14

 

 

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1       Conceptual Framework                                                                                              17

2.1.1    Meaning of poverty.                                                                                                   17

2.1.2    Types of poverty                                                                                                         17

2.1.3    Causes of poverty.                                                                                                      18

2.1.4    Link between poverty and good governance                                                             40

2.1.5    Government reaction to poverty                                                                                 41

2.1.6    Overview of government strategies and policies for poverty reduction                     42

2.1.7    The poverty reduction strategies and policies                                                            43

2.1.8    The strategies and method of managing poverty                                                        52

2.1.9    Functions of poverty.                                                                                                 60

2.2.      Theoretical Framework                                                                                              61

2.2.1      The Power theory                                                                                                            62

2.2.2      The theory of individual attribute                                                                            62

2.2.3      Poverty caused by individual deficiencies theory                                               63                                                                                                       

2.3        Empirical Review.                                                                                                      66

2.4       Summary of Reviewed Related Literature                                              67

2.5       Gap in Literature                                                                                      68

 

 

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1      Research Design                                                                                          69

3.2      Sources of Data                                                                                           69

2.2.1  Primary data                                                                                                      69

2.2.2  Secondary Data                                                                                                 69

3.3      Population for the Study                                                                             69

3.4      Sampling Size Determination                                                                     71

3.4.1  Sample seize determination for Nsukka local government                              71

3.4.2  Sample seize determination for Enugu north local government                         72

3.5       Sampling Technique                                                                                         72

3.6      Description of Research Instrument                                                         75

3.7       Validity of Research instrument                                                                         76

3.8       Reliability of Research Instrument                                                                   76

3.9     Method of Data Analyses                                                                                  76

3.10   Model Specification                                                                                          77

 

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1     Distribution and Return of Questionnaire.                                                        79

4.2     Background Information of the Respondents                                                   79

4.3     Test of Hypotheses                                                                                            86

4.4     Discussion of Results                                                                                         91

 

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings                                                                                                                                                       93

5.2 Conclusion.                                                                                                                                               94

5.3 Recommendations.                                                                                               94

          References                                                                                                         95

          Appendices                                                                                                        98

                                            

 

 

 

 

 


 

LIST OF TABLES

                                                                                                                                                                                    Pages

3.1.      Population of Nsukka local government.                                                                  70

3.2:      Population of Enugu North local government area                                                    71

4.0       Distribution of Questionnaire                                                                                     79

      4.1       Sex of Respondents                                                                                              79

      4.2       Marital Status of Respondents                                                                              79          

      4.3       Age distribution of respondent                                                                             80

      4.4       Educational status of respondents                                                                        80

       4.5      Work occupation of Respondents                                                                         81

4.6       Level of unemployment in respondents’ area                                                           82

4.7       What are the various poverty alleviation programmes you

Know in your local government                                                                                 82

 4.8      Are you aware of this poverty alleviation programmes in your area                                    83

4.9       Are you involved in those government implementation of poverty                        

            Alleviation programmes in your local government                                        84

4.10     Do you believe that the entire poverty alleviation programme has

impacted positively to the lives of people in your local government                                    85

4.11     Has poverty been tackled since the introduction of poverty alleviation

strategies in your local government                                                                           86

 

 


 


 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


            1.1.         BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The high level of poverty in Nigeria has attained an endemic nature, is becoming worrisome and currently a global discussion. Poverty is a global phenomenon which affects continents, nations and peoples differently. It afflicts people in various depths and levels, at different times and phases of existence. There is no nation that is absolutely free from poverty. The main difference is the intensity and prevalence of this malaise. Some States in Nigeria today records the highest level of social insecurity, violence, unrest and generally unacceptable low standard of living. The Central Bank of Nigeria (2017) views poverty as “a state where an individual is not able to cater adequately for his or her basic needs of food, clothing and shelter; is unable to meet social and economic obligations, lacks gainful employment, skills, assets and self-esteem; and has limited access to social and economic infrastructure such as education, health, portable water, and sanitation; and consequently, has limited chance of advancing his or her welfare to the limit of his or her capabilities”.

The World Bank (2016) utilized inductive approach to uncover various dimensions of poverty such as well-being, psychological, basic infrastructure, illness and assets. One of such definitions is “the lack of what is necessary for material well-being-especially food, but also housing, land, and other assets. In other words, poverty is the lack of multiple resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation.” Another of such definitions is “lack of voice, power, and independence that subjects them to exploitation.  Poverty leaves many Nigerians   vulnerable to rudeness, humiliation, and inhumane treatment by both private and public agents of the State from whom they seek help”.

Poverty has made Nigeria to attain an unenviable status as one of the 25 poorest countries in the world, such that no government (no matter the level), organization, community, clan or family can survive effectively without introducing one kind of poverty reduction strategy or the other Nigeria, of the number of the poverty stricken people, about 73% is concentrated in the rural areas where illiteracy prevalence is high, potable water and health facilities are rarely available, road and electricity infrastructures are either unavailable or ill-managed. This is in spite of the fact that Nigeria is richly endowed with all kinds of water, agricultural and mineral resources. Nigeria’s proportion of the poor has doubled over the last two decades, during which time the country received over $300 billion in oil and gas revenue. Paradoxically, Nigeria’s level of revenue and endowment are in opposite direction with her poverty level. While revenue profile of Nigeria rose from N4 billion in 1975 to N26 billion in 1980, and GNP per capita rose from $360 to more than $1000 in the same period, the percentage of the population that was poor grew from 15% in 1960 to about its present 70%. Furthermore, according to World Bank and UNDP 2001 statistics, Nigeria which impressively ranked 6th and 7th in Petroleum Export and Petroleum Production respectively, is still among the poorest countries in the world.

However, the above scenario has not come into being as a result of nonchalant attitude and non-recognition of the problem at hand. It has also not 19 come by as a result of lack of response to the yearning of the poor people to be emancipated from their rather deplorable and frustrating state of near despair. No Nigerian Government, be it military or civilian, has come without introducing and leaving behind one form of poverty alleviation or reduction programme meant to reduce the level of poverty, give hope and succour to the poor and, or move towards some sort of wealth creation. Strategies, policies and plans have been articulated; programmes and projects have been formulated and executed over the years. For instance, since  independence in 1960, poverty eradication efforts in Nigeria centred on education, while Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), the Green Revolution, War Against Indiscipline (WAI), Peoples Bank of Nigeria (PBN), Community Banks, Directorate of Food Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFFRI), Nigerian Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA), Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP), Better Life for Rural Women, Family Support Programme (FSP) and National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and a lot more.

The main goals of these programmes are wealth creation, poverty reduction, employment generation and value orientation in its efforts to ensure the attainment of these goals. The researcher focused on the following poverty alleviation programme- National Poverty Eradication Programmes (NAPEP). National Poverty Eradication Programme was established in 2001 and involved all the stakeholders in poverty eradication in Nigeria namely the federal, state, local governments, civil society organizations, research institutions, the organized private sectors, women groups and concerned individuals (Okoye and Onyukwu, 2017). NAPEP aimed to address the aspects of absolute poverty and to eradicate them. The stakeholders recognized that certain fundamental reasons were responsible for the inadequacy of anti-poverty measures over the years and they include the absence of a policy framework, inadequate involvement of stakeholders, poor implementation arrangements and lack of proper coordination. All these seem to have received attention in designing NAPEP and to make it different from all past efforts. The mandate was to monitor and coordinate all poverty eradication efforts in order to harmonize and ensure better delivery, maximum impact and effective utilization of available resources. In effort to eradicate poverty, the government arranged NAPEP into four schemes. These are Youth Empowerment Schemes (YES), Rural Infrastructure (IRDS), Social Welfare Schemes (SOWESS), and the National Resources Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS) (Okoye and Onyukwu. 2017) The program is seen as an improvement of the various Nigerian government poverty reduction programmes. Analysis showed that that the program has been able to train 130,000 youths and engaged 216.000 persons, but most of the beneficiaries were non poor prudence. In summary the the programme failed to focus the poor, programme inconsistency, poor implementation or severe budgetary and governance problems, corruption etc ( Okoye and Onyukwu, 2017) Though successive governments have tried to address the issue of poverty as captured above, the effect of the strategies and programmes has been that of mixed feelings. The questions bothering a great number of Nigerians are:  If so much efforts have been made towards reducing poverty in Nigeria, why is poverty on the increase?   What is the effect of the increasing poverty rate on the nation’s economy?  and lastly,  are there better ways or strategies of implementing poverty reduction programmes to make them more effective?

Conclusively, most of the poverty alleviation initiations are best pursued through the local governments in Nigeria, since they are the government and organ closest to the people. In such circumstance, the researcher deems it imperative to embark on the study: Impact of Poverty on the life style of Nigerians: A Study of Nsukka and Enugu North Local Government areas of Enugu State.    

 

            1.2.          STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There is no doubt that poverty remains a global problem, but in Nigerian, it is hit by the twin problems of poverty and under-development. This may be attributed to a number of factors, some of which are mismanagement of human and material resources, indiscipline, the lack of political will by the government of the country, beginning from the post-independence and present day Nigeria. Rather than tackle development and poverty alleviation in the society, our policy makers or if you like,  politicians have appeared to have converted leadership positions and public offices into avenues of squander mania, embezzlement, corruption, money laundering abroad, to the neglect of the peoples suffering  and development. As a result of these underdevelopment and poverty in the land, the country has woken up to witness such anti-social activities and vices like armed robbery, cultism, drug trafficking, prostitution, child labour and trafficking, ritual killings, political thuggery, herdsmen,  Boko haram killings  and assassinations, etc. This phenomenon has left the country highly underdeveloped socially, economically and technologically. This has created a situation of mass graduate unemployment and other social vices articulated from the foregoing. Highly skilled trained manpower and infrastructure facilities are either under-utilised or non-existent.

 

The various government programmes aimed at eradicating or alleviating poverty have not stood the test of time, as they have not actually impacted positively on the people. Past Military and current civilian Government introduced several poverty alleviating measures which has done more harm than good..  However well intentioned, these programmes were hijacked by the politicians as the philosophy behind the setting up of these programmes were politicised, thereby undermining the objective of setting up these programmes. For instance, beneficiaries of these programmes are usually party faithful, loyalists and family members instead of genuine members of the society, that is, the needy. The distribution of aids by these agencies are also characterized by victimization, political instability, corruption, lack of acceptability, lack of commitment and the political will by the government, have been some of the reasons blamed for the non-performance and sustenance of these measures.

 

The researcher further view other problems as most Nigerians live in poverty In all respects for which comparative data is available, the poverty situation in Nigeria is only slightly better than what obtains in sub-Sahara Africa as a whole and generally worse than what obtains in low-income economies and as a whole and in many individual African countries whose GNP per-capita and natural endowments are much lower than Nigeria’s.  Certain sections of the population have been particularly vulnerable to poverty and continue to bear most of the sufferings associated with the scourge. Such severely affected groups include farmers and other rural dwellers, the teeming millions who operate the informal sector of the urban economy; the elderly and the aged; women, the disabled, and of course all those trapped in the remote regions where arable land is scarce and where draught, floods, environmental degradation, etc  hinders  economic activity and keep both output and productivity low continuously,  Poverty gives rise to many other serious social problems, some of which, not only impose enormous economic and social costs upon the non-poor and society in general, but also threaten the survival and stability of the society.  Poverty is definitely not just a problem for the poor, but for the non-poor as well, indeed for society as a whole. The above mentioned problems motivated the researcher to carry out a research work on the Impact of Poverty on the life style of Nigerians: A study of Nsukka and Enugu North Local Government areas of Enugu State.

 

            1.3.          OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of poverty on the life style of Nigerians: A Study of   Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State. While the specific objectives are to;

1.   Determine the extent to which poverty affect the lifestyle of Nsukka and Enugu North Local Government indigenes in Enugu State.

2.   Ascertain the various factors that causes poverty in Nsukka and Enugu North local Government of Enugu State,

3.   Assess the capability of the various poverty alleviation programmes in curtailing poverty in Nsukka and Enugu North local Government of Enugu State,

4.     Examine the effects of poverty management strategies on the citizen’s welfare in Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State.


1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In carrying out this study the following questions become imperative;

1.     To what extent does poverty affect the lifestyle of Nsukka and Enugu North local Government indigenes in Enugu State?

2.     What are the various factors that cause poverty in Nsukka and Enugu North local Government areas of Enugu state?

3.     What is the capability of the various poverty alleviation programmes in curtailing poverty in Nsukka and Enugu North Local Government area of Enugu state?

4.     What are the effects of poverty management strategies on citizen’s welfare in Nsukka and Enugu North Local Government area of Enugu state?

 

1.5       RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses posited in null form were tested to aid the study.

H01: Poverty has no significant effect on the lifestyle of Nsukka and Enugu North local      Government indigenes in Enugu State.

H02: Mismanagement of human and material resources, indiscipline, corruption and lack     of         political will by the Government do not cause poverty in Nsukka and Enugu North    local Government areas of Enugu State

H03: There is no significant relationship between poverty alleviation programmes and Poverty reduction in Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State.

H04: Poverty management strategies have no significant effects on citizen’s welfare in Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State.

 

1.6       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 This research is a relevant material and a great contribution to knowledge, constituting a veritable reference material on the studies of poverty alleviation and related subject matter for further research. This study creates awareness and assistance on the need to eradicate poverty for the achievement of the first agenda of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Also, since each of the seven other goals of the MDGs addresses an aspect of poverty, the study will be of immense benefit to various machineries and organs of Governments in the areas of curtailing poverty and its eradication which will automatically lead to the achievement of the remaining goals. 

In addition, the significance of this research is felt in the area of prompting Government and its relevant agencies to re-examine its strategies towards poverty eradication in Nigeria. Furthermore, it will help the researcher to identify and as well know government efforts towards eradication of poverty in Nigeria.

 

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is categorized into Unit scope, Content scope and  Geographical scope.


1.7.1   Unit scope

This study attempted to examine how poverty as an (independent variable) affects the life style (dependent variable) of Nigerian citizens. As a result, only the citizens of Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State constituted the population for this study as samples were drawn randomly from them.


            1.7.2        Content scope

The study was designed to examine the impact of poverty on the life style of Nigerians: A study of Nsukka and Enugu North local Government in Enugu State. It attempted to determine the extent to which poverty contradicts with the country’s immense wealth, investigate the various factors that caused poverty, assess the capability of the various poverty alleviation programmes in curtailing poverty  and to examine the effects of poverty management strategies on the citizens of Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State.


            1.7.3      Geographical scope

The selected local Governments are all in Enugu State. Enugu State is in the South-east geo-graphical zone of Nigeria. It was created on August 27, 1991 with Enugu city as its capital.  The state derives its name Enugu (Hill Top) from the capital city which was established in 1909 as small coal mining town. From Enugu the British administration was able to spread its influence over the southern Province of Nigeria. The Colonial past of Enugu is today evidence by the Georgian building types and meandering narrow roads within the residential area originally reserved for the whites, an area which is today called the Government Reserved Area (GRA.)

From being the capital of the southern Province, Enugu became the capital of the Eastern Region (now divided into nine States), and Capital of the defunct Republic of Biafra, thereafter it became the capital of East Central State, Anambra State, (old) Enugu State, and now the present Enugu State through a process of state creation and diffusion of administrative authority. A traditional Enugu man is hospital, warm and enterprising. The State is predominately occupied by the Igbo ethnic group with some pockets of Igala speaking communities of Ette in Igbo-Eze-North LGA, Ogurugu and Ojjor in Uzo-Uwani LGA respectively.

 

1.8      LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 The study was limited by the following factors:

Time: One of the reasons for restricting the area of this study to Nsukka and Enugu North local Government area of Enugu State was time, as a result, some of the local Governments where data and information could have been obtained were not visited hence, the researcher managed the time apportioned for the study and reset his priorities in order to circumvent the challenges.

Attitude of the respondents: The researcher experienced an initial slow response from the respondents who were mainly busy with their daily activities but this was mitigated by having constant follow up on phones and the physical visit to the respondents’ homes and offices. Also, the selected local governments considered some information confidential and hence could not be willing to reveal them. The researcher sought for a letter of introduction from the university to assure the respondents that the information provided would be used for academic purpose only and would thereby treated with confidentiality.

Methodology constraints: However, these constraints, it must be stated, have not in any way vitiated the reliability of this research but has rather provided the impetus necessary to accomplish the stated objectives at this research with resilience and determination.

 

            1.9           DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS

Poverty: This refers to the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money. Poverty is a multifaceted concept, which may include social economic, and political, elements. Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or destitution refers to the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing and shelter.


Poverty management: This is the use of several poverty alleviation programmes or policies to eradicate or curtail the level of poverty and ensure that the policies and programmes achieve what is meant to achieve effectively and efficiently.


Lifestyle: This refers to the interests, opinions, behaviours, and behavioural orientations of an individual, group, or culture. It also includes a person's basic character as established early in childhood. Lifestyle is a combination of determining intangible or tangible factors. Tangible factors relate specifically to demographic variables, i.e. an individual's demographic profile, whereas intangible factors concern the psychological aspects of an individual such as personal values, preferences, and outlooks.

Strategies: This means a high-level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. It is the art of troop leader; office of general, command, general ship.  In the sense of the "art of the general" which included several subsets of skills including "tactics", siege craft, logistics etc.


NAPEP: NAPEP is an acronym that stands for the national poverty eradication programme, established in 2001 by the Obansajo's regime to combat poverty and raise the living standard of Nigerians. it was designed to replace PAP, which initially carried out the duty of combating poverty and other related issues, PAP stands for poverty alleviation programme. NAPEP, is complemented by NAPEC. the national poverty eradication council, which oversees all poverty related activities and mini programmes of NAPEP. NAPEP has other sub programmes under it, all geared toward achieving the bigger goal 'poverty eradication but  have been one way or another minimally implemented ineffectively in some local government areas in the country.

UBE:  The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme is a nine (9) year basic educational programme, which was launched and executed by the government and people of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to eradicate illiteracy, ignorance and poverty as well as stimulate and accelerate national development, political consciousness and national integration. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo flagged off UBE on 30 th September 1999 in Sokoto , Sokoto State. The UBE Programme is Nigeria's strategy for the achievement of Education for All (EFA) and the education-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

NACA: The National Agency for the Control of AIDS (formerly National Action Committee on AIDS) was established in February 2000 to coordinate the various activities of HIV/AIDS in the country. Among other purposes, NACA's mandates are to: Coordinate and sustain advocacy by all sectors and at all levels for HIV/AIDS/STDs expanded Responses in Nigeria, develop the framework for collaboration and support from all stakeholders for a multi-sect oral and multi-disciplinary response to HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, develop and present to the Presidential Council on AIDS, PCA, all plans on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria for policy decisions, develop and articulate a strategic plan for an Expanded National Response to HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, coordinate, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Strategic National Plan for the control of HIV/AIDS/STDs in Nigeria and all other approved policies, coordinate and facilitate the mobilization of resources for an effective and sustainable response to HIV/AIDS/STDs in Nigeria,  and Undertake any other duties as assigned by the PCA from time to time

1.10        PROFILE OF NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

Nsukka is a town and Local Government Area in South-East Nigeria in Enugu State. Towns that share a common border with Nsukka, are EdemAni, Alor-Uno, Opi, Orba and Ede-Oballa, Obimo. Other nearby towns include Enugu Ezike, Obollo-Afor (formerly centre of the palm oil trade), Nimbo, Adani, UzoUwani and Mkpologwu, now also lay claim to the name Nsukka. This is because they all collectively fall into the political zoning system in Nigeria known as Senatorial Zone. Nsukka Town is known as the site of the University of Nigeria, the first indigenous Nigerian university, founded by Dr.NnamdiAzikiwe, first President of Nigeria. Currently the town has a number of Federal Parastatals in the university such as NABDA, CBSS, and the Energy Research Centre.


The LGA

Nsukka LGA has an area of 1,810 km² and a population of 309,633 at the 2006 census. The Local Government Headquarters is located in the hilly and green sites which Nsukka is known for close to colonial quarters of the pre-Independence years. The present Chairman of the Local Government Area council caretaker committee is Prof RoselineOnah who assumed leadership in early 2016.The postal code of the area is 410001 and 410002 respectively referring to University of Nigeria Campus, and Nsukka Urban.


History

Nsukka is home to members of the Igbo ethnic group. Little is known about the history of Nsukka town except that the Kingdom of Nri had contact with Nsukka in earlier periods. However, in the book 'Igbo/Igala Borderland' the ancient American writer traced the origin of Nsukka to the earlier traders from Arochukwu in the present Abia State, who initially rested and later settled down there. In July 1967, Nsukka was one of the first Biafran towns to be captured by the northern Nigerian forces during their so-called 'police action' at the outset of the Nigerian-Biafran War. This action, during which Nsukka's university was burned down, created many refugees and contributed to the chaos and suffering inherent in this bloody conflict.


Events

According to Benjamin Chinweike Ezema (now called Ezemmah) Nsukka is a town that is made up of three prominent communities, namely the Nkpunanor community, the Ihen'Owerre community and the Nru community. Oral history has it that Nsukka has very close ties with three other neighbouring towns: Obukpa, Okpuje and Eha, which are said to have common ancestral origins. Nsukka, Obukpa, and Okpuje are siblings of AsaduIdeke Arumona; while the last – Eha is a patrilineal brother of the other three relations. The town is therefore called "Eha-Alumona". Nsukka town has very ancient culture and traditions that are almost lost in antiquity due to the late awakening of the indigenes to the relevance and necessity of the pursuit of intellectual erudition and research. Each community is composed of many other smaller villages and clans.

A number of festivals are celebrated by the people of Nsukka, including the Omabe Masquerade Festival; the OnwaEto, or Onwa Ito (the 3rd moon) Festival, which is characterised by the slaughtering of several fowls in each household for each child in the household and in memory of deceased family members; the OnwaIse (the 5th moon Festival – which is also known as the moon that marks the beginning of the harvesting of yams (some people call it the New Yam Festival in English Language); OnwaEsa'a (the 7th moon Festival); the Onunu Festival which is characterised by the going to the 'Nkwo' market Arena (where the 'Oromme' Dance, traditional wrestling, etc., was performed); The OnwaEsa'a (the 7th Moon Festival) was noted as the period for the commencement of the eating of the dried cocoyam (Echicha). Of the numerous festivals by which Nsukka was known, only the Omabe festival is still being widely celebrated in the town.


Secondary education

Nsukka has some of the most recognised educational institutions in south-eastern Nigeria. St. Teresa's College, Nsukka (all boys) is one of the oldest schools in Nsukka and is situated right at the heart of Nsukka township. It is run by the Catholic Church of Nsukka diocese. Queen of the Holy Rosary Secondary School is an all-girls school, also operated by the Catholic Church of Nsukka diocese. Nsukka High School is a public (government-run) school with Anglican Church heritage. Model Secondary School, Nsukka, is a day school for male and female students. St Cyprian's Special Science School Nsukka is an all-science boarding school for girls. There is also the Urban Girls Secondary School, Federal Government Girls' College Lejja Nsukka, which a federal government-owned girls' school. University of Nigeria Secondary School belongs to the university and is also top notch.


1.11 PROFILE OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

Enugu North is a local Government Area of Enugu State. Its headquarters are in the city of Enugu. It has an area of 106km2 and a population of 242140 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 400 Enugu North became a municipality in 1996 with Umarualtine its first mayor. The local government is made up of Rural dwellers (Ogui and Ngwo Communities) and the urban dwellers.


Brief history of Ogui community

According to IbeaniIbeani (2006), the origin of Ogui Nike, just like iji, had many versions. First, they were said to be descendant of refugees from an unknown village. Also Ogui was believed to have moved from Akegbe to settle at Ugwu Eke, in order to assist Nike during the celebrated war between Nike and Okpatu. After the war, they settled at Iji and later moved to their present location to check the encroachment of Awkunanaw on Nike land.

There was also a common belief that Ogui and Akegbe were waging war against each other. The morale of Ogui Nike proved so indomitable that some Nike villages (probably to secure their own position) sold to Akegbe the idea of inviting the Alu (renowned warriors from Ohafia). They suggested to Akegbe to set houses of Ogui ablaze when they fled from their abode as an effective means of forestalling further attacks. Soon enough, Akegbe implemented the advice of these villages as regards setting the houses of Ogui ablaze.

Consequently, Ogui fled to settle at Ihi and Ugwu Eke respectively. When the war was over, Ogui had to go back to her former place when Iji people started farming on her land and were reaping bumper harvest. When they finally settled there, cases of abduction were rampant. Ogui would abduct from Akegbe and the latter would retaliate. At a point, they came to realize the enormity and consequences of this unhealthy relationship. It became clear to them that the general insecurity of life was not good for their mutual existence. There and then, they resolved to perform a rite known as “120 EGONYI” this is a ceremony of reconciliation. Eating and drinking together, dancing and exchange of virgins (girls) were essential features of this ceremony.

Worthy to remark, is the fact that Akegbe and Ogui were said to have blood relationship some quarters argued that it was actually the rite of “120 EGONYI” more than anything that related Akegbe and Ogui. Ogui Nike has seven villages; Umunevo, Ihewusi, Onuato, Enuguagu, Amaigbo, (Isiagu, Okpuno, Amaudala).


Brief history of Ngwo community

Ngwo people descended from the man called NgwoAko who lived at a place now called ”Isi Okpoto” the present day St. Mary’s Catholic Church and its environs with his wife. NgwoAko gave it the name “Okpotokpo” literally in English (Large) because the fruits and trees that grew there were of very large sizes and shapes. That is for him, they were “Okpotokpo” (very large and huge). Living there with his wife, they begot ten (10) male children who eventually metamorphosed into the ten Villages of Ngwo namely; Uboji, Amankwo, Ameke, Ukaka, Enugu Etiti, Amachala, amaebo, Okwojo and Umuase. While the first three (3) got settled at a place now called Ngwo Uno, the last seven (7) settled at a place also now called Ngwo Asaa. That accounts for the two (2) big shades/components of Ngwo, namely (Ngwo Uno) and Ngwo Asaa (Ngwo Agu). Ngwo is the only town in Nigeria that is in two Local Government Areas. Those Local Government Areas includes Udi and Enugu North Local Government Areas. This has been so, either for political reasons or for Ngwo being critical as a major landlord to the commercial nerve centres of those Local Government Areas namely; Ninth mile corner and Enugu township. Geographically, Ngwo is bounded to the North by Abor, to the South by Nsude, to the West by Eke and to the East by Nike.

Ngwo remains a historically important place in Enugu North and Enugu South in General.

 


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