ABSTRACT
Poor food habit leads to nutritional inadequacy. This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the food habit and nutritional status of bankers in Umuahia metropolis. A total of 150 respondents were selected using simple random sampling techniques. A well structured questionnaire was distributed to the respondents but 138 were retrieved and analyzed with 67 being males and 71 being females. The questionnaire was made up of 5 sections which include personal characteristics, socio-economic characteristics, food habits, food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall and anthropometric measurement. The food habits were determined using food frequency questionnaire and dietary diversity was determined using 24-hour dietary recall. Descriptive analysis was used to obtain the statistical analysis.47.8% of the male respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years, whereas less than seventy percent (69.0%) of the female respondents were between the ages of 20-30 years. Less than sixty percent (56.7%) of the male respondents were married and 57.7% of the female respondents were single.All the respondents in this study were Christians with 47.8% and 56.3% of the male and female respondents respectively having a family size ofbetween 4-6 persons. Theresults showed that less than seventy percent (65.2%) of the respondents skipped meals while some (34.8%) of the respondents do not skip meals. Majority (71.0%) of the respondents consumed snacks whereas some (29%) of the respondents do not.The results on dietary diversity score showed that the male had a mean score of 7.88±2.07 while the females had a mean score of 5.38±1.74.This implies that the males had a higher diversity in their diets while females had medium diversity. The results revealed thathealth (41.3%), preference (65.9%) and availability (19.6%) were the most common factors affecting the food habit of bankers. Results on nutritional status revealed that in general some (63.8%) of the respondents were of a normal weight while the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the bankers were (30.4%) and (5.8%) respectively. Using the waist-hip ratio classification for male and female, the study revealed that less than seventy percent (60.6%) of the female bankers had a high risk of metabolic diseases while 64.2% of the male bankers had a low risk of metabolic diseases.The result of this study shows that there is poor eating habit among bankers. This is due to meal skipping and high snack consumption. Banks should initiate the idea of cafeterias or employ a health conscious catering establishment that will aid in the provision of healthful meals to employees.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|
TITLE PAGE
|
i
|
|
CERTIFICATION
|
ii
|
|
DEDICATION
|
iii
|
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
|
iv
|
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|
v
|
|
LIST OF TABLES
|
vii
|
|
ABSTRACT
|
viii
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER 1
|
|
|
INTRODUCTION
|
|
1.1
|
Statement of problem
|
6
|
1.2
|
Objectives
|
7
|
1.3
|
Significance of study
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER 2
|
|
|
LITERATURE REVIEW
|
|
2.1
|
FOOD HABIT
|
9
|
2.1.1
|
Food habit
|
12
|
2.2
|
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FOOD HABIT
|
13
|
2.2.1
|
Geographical location
|
13
|
2.2.2
|
Nutritional knowledge
|
13
|
2.2.3
|
Food preference and taste
|
14
|
2.2.4
|
Time constraint
|
15
|
2.2.5
|
Individual preference
|
15
|
2.2.6
|
Cultural and religious influence
|
16
|
2.2.7
|
Family size
|
16
|
2.2.8
|
Economic factor
|
17
|
2.3
|
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
|
17
|
2.3.1
|
Anthropometric measurement
|
19
|
2.3.2
|
Clinical examination
|
26
|
2.3.3
|
Dietary assessment
|
27
|
2.3.4
|
Biochemical assessment
|
30
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER 3
|
|
|
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
|
3.1
|
STUDY DESIGN
|
32
|
3.2
|
AREA OF STUDY
|
32
|
3.3
|
POPULATION
|
32
|
3.4
|
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
|
33
|
3.4.1
|
Sample size
|
33
|
3.4.2
|
Sampling procedure
|
34
|
3.5
|
PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES
|
34
|
3.5.1
|
Preliminary visit
|
34
|
3.5.2
|
Training of research assistants
|
35
|
3.5.3
|
Ethical Approval
|
35
|
3.6
|
DATA COLLECTION
|
35
|
3.6.1
|
Questionnaire Administration
|
35
|
3.6.2
|
Anthropometric Measurements
|
35
|
3.6.3
|
Dietary Measurements
|
37
|
3.7
|
DATA ANALYSIS
|
37
|
3.8
|
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
|
39
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER 4
|
|
|
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
|
|
4.1
|
PERSONAL DATA OF BANKERS
|
40
|
4.2
|
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BANKERS
|
43
|
4.3
|
ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS OF BANKERS
|
45
|
4.4
|
FOOD HABIT OF BANKERS
|
47
|
4.5
|
Dietary diversity of Bankers
|
56
|
4.6
|
FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD HABIT OF BANKERS
|
59
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER 5
|
|
|
CONCLUSION
|
|
5.1
|
CONCLUSION
|
61
|
5.2
|
RECOMMENDATION
|
61
|
|
|
|
|
REFRENCES
|
62
|
|
APPENDIX
|
|
LIST OF
TABLES
Table
4.1:
|
Personal
Characteristics of Bankers
|
42
|
Table
4.2:
|
Socio-economic
Characteristics of Bankers
|
44
|
Table
4.3:
|
Anthropometric
Status of Bankers
|
46
|
Table
4.4:
|
Food
habits of Bankers
|
49
|
Table
4.5:
|
Frequency
of consumption of foods from various food groups by Bankers
|
52
|
Table
4.5b:
|
Frequency
of consumption of foods from various food groups by Bankers
|
55
|
Table
4.6:
|
Dietary
Diversity of Bankers
|
56
|
Table
4.6b:
|
Dietary
Diversity Categories of Bankers
|
58
|
Table
4.7:
|
Factors
affecting food habits of Bankers
|
60
|
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Davidson etal. (2013) reported that food is anything eaten, drunk or taken
into the body which can be absorbed by the body to be used as an energy source,
building, regulating or protective material. Food is anything that is eaten to
provide energy and keep the body healthy. Issues with food, weight and body in ages
are not easy to talk about most people are looking for ready-to-eat, a magic
fill, or the latest popular diet. But the reality is that there are no magic
secrets or tips when it comes to managing eating habits and maintaining a
healthy weight.The types and amount of food individual chooses to eat not only
affect his or her well being, but also have implication for society as a whole
(Hawarlin, 2007). He further reported that the choices of which food to eat,
where to eat, and when to eat are intensely personal, influenced by not only
prices and income, but also sociological factors, family structure, time
constraints and federal food assistance programmes, such as the food stamp
programme.
According to Park (2009), nutrition is a
science of food and its relationship to health has been recognized in recent
years as the corner stone of socio-economic development. Adequate nutrition is
important for a variety of reasons including optimal cardiovascular function,
muscle strength, respiratory ventilation, protection from infection, wound
healing and psychological well-being (Martin, 2006).Adequate nutrition entails a diet
that contains the constituents (carbohydrate, fats, proteins, vitamins and
minerals) that are required for body building, energy supply, body defense and
regulatory functions in quantitiescommensurate with the body need.Nutrition
is the science that links foods to health and disease and it includes the
processes by which the human organisms absorb, transport and excrete food substances
(Gordon and Anne, 2011).
Food habit are the ways in which
individuals or groups of persons in response to social, cultural and economic
pressures choose, consume and make available foods. Food habit is never static
but alters changes in the socioeconomic system of which they form part. Food
habits are changing constantly as a result of external influences and
modifications. Food habits develop as a result of many personal, cultural,
social and psychological influences and are part of a person`s total life and
personality. Ingrid et al. (2007)
reported that food habits of individual and population can best be described by
methods that seek information about usual food behavior such as survey
questions about frequency, quantity and types of foods usually consumed on
average over a period of time. Food habit differs from one group to another.
These differences come about because of many influences on food. Food habit are
formed or changed by factors like education, religion, economic status,
profession and availability of food. Food habits affect people’s food choice.Serra
et al. (2006) found out that unsuitable
dietary habits coupled with inadequate physical activity are associated with an
increased prevalence of obesity and osteoporosis. It is imperative to know that
food habit is also a pre-requisite to one’s nutritional status (Umesh, 2012).
According to Mackey (2007), nutritional
assessment is an in-depth evaluation of both objective and subjective data
related to an individual food and nutrient intake, lifestyle, and medical
history. Nutrition assessment consists of the gathering of data to identify
individuals who require special care, determine the cause and degree of
malnutrition and determine the potential risk for development of nutritional or
related complication (Shubhangini, 2002).
Gordon (2002) reported that nutritional
assessment is particularly important in adults because early detection and
intervention of abnormal intake and health practices can prevent permanent
disorders. Mahan and Escott (2004) reported that nutritional status is a
measurement of the extent to which an individual physiological needfor nutrient
is being met. An individual is said to have attained a good nutritional status
when the food supply is adequate and the individual is able to select, obtain
and consume food that will meet the nutrient needs. It is therefore said that
nutritional status of an individual is the balance between the intake of
nutrients by an individual and the expenditure of these in the process of
growth, reproduction and health maintenance (Kuczmarski and Flegal, 2002).The
nutritional status of people are affected by what they eat, both the kind and
quality. Nutritional status is the condition of a population or individual
health as affected by the intake and utilization of nutrients and
non-nutrients. The nutritional status of an individual such as an adult or a patient
in the hospital is assessed from information which is elicited along with other
clinical data from a careful history and a systematic clinical examination (Gibney
et al., 2006).
The nutritional status and risk of
diseases are not obvious among the working group because the symptoms of some
diseases are sometimes silent, until the disease itself strike (De Irala,
2013).Physical
inactivity has become a public health problem all over the world. The current
high level of physical inactivity is believed to be partly due to insufficient
participation in physical activity during leisure time and an increase in
sedentary behavior during occupational and domestic activities (WHO, 2013).
Over nutrition (overweight and obesity)
according to Labadorios (2005) is a nutritional disorder of great concern in
industrialized countries and countries in transition is also becoming a call
for concern now in developing countries like Cameroon and Nigeria, because of
its constantly increasing prevalence. Ironically, overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths
worldwide than underweight. For example, 65% of the world's population live in
countries where overweight and obesity kill more people than underweight (this
includes all high income and most middle income countries). Once considered a
high income country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low
and middle income countries, particularly in urban settings. In 2008, more than
1.4 billion adults, 20years and older, were overweight. Of these,WHO (2013)
estimated that over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese.
35% of adults aged 20 years and over were overweight in 2008 and 11% were
obese. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths.Poor
diet (high consumption of sugar, salt, saturated fat, etc) and unhealthy
lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity) have been
identified as major risk factors of cardiovascular disease.
They are risks factors of health problems such as cardiovascular diseases,
diabetics, dislipidemia, some cancers (Bener, 2006). At least 2.8 million
adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, WHO
(2013) estimated that 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the ischemic heart
disease burden and between 7 and 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable
to overweight and obesity.
The banking sector plays a major role in
the sustainability of the Nigerians economy. Due to the recent banking reform,
banks in Nigeria have been more effective and improved in their various
services. De Irala (2013) reported that apart from sedentary lifestyle and lack
of physical activity, software professionals like bankers are more into junk food
and carbonated soft drinks. Bankers have been reported to be at higher risk of
diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, piles, obesity and
diabetics due to their sedentary lifestyles, relatively better socio-economic
condition and highly stressful nature of their job. Bankers spend much time in
the office since much duty is discharged while staying at a place. Ene-Obong
(2001) reported that the body composition and nutrient intake of the adult
population are dependent on their earlier nutritional health and work
practices. This can also be true for bankers who belong to this adult
population. As for bankers many have regular food habits, but they sit in one
place for hours (Umesh, 2012).
1.1 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Bankers have been reported to be at higher
risk of diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, piles, obesity
and diabetics due to their sedentary lifestyles and highly stressful nature of
their job (Umesh, 2012). Bankers are thus faced with the problem of sedentary
lifestyle characterized by little or no physical movement and low energy
expenditure. An average banker spends 8-10 hours on duty with long sitting,
reading, operating computer and with little or no time for recreation and
exercise this leads to the accumulation of excess calories and fats and these
unwanted calories lead to obesity.
In the
world today, a lot of bankers are faced with problems which result in lowering
of their nutritional status. In some cases even when there is enough food to
eat, poor nutritional practices can be a problem, for example, most bankers are
more into junk food and carbonated soft drinks because of the intense pressure
of their work with little time to care for their bodily needs.
Poor food habit leads to nutritional inadequacy. It is
therefore important to identify the factors leading to poor food habit among
bankers and assess how it affects their nutritional status. This study was
therefore undertaken to assess the food habit and nutritional status of bankers
in umuahia metropolis.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The General objective of
this study was to determine the food habits and nutritional status of bankers
in Umuahia Metropolis.
The specific objectivesare
to:
1.
determine the
socio-demographic and economic characteristics of bankers.
2.
assess the nutritional
status of bankers using anthropometric measurement.
3.
evaluate food habits of
bankers using food frequency questionnaire.
4.
determine dietary
diversity using 24-hour dietary recall.
5.
determine the factors
affecting their food habit.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This study will help bankers understand
their nutritional status and as well as how to maintain it or improve it as the
case maybe.
It will help Home Economist and
Nutritionist plan and carryout nutrition intervention of bankers in Umuahia Metropolis
if need be.
It will bring to limelight the effect of
food consumption on the socio-economic characteristics of bankers.
The study will help the government of Abia
state and Federal government to plan more effective ways of improving the
nutritional status and well being of bankers in Umuahia metropolis and in
Nigeria as a whole.
This study will be useful for Ministry of
Health and banking institutionson the need for more educative and informative
programs for bankers.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment