ABSTRACT
Biofilm in waste water treatment system was evaluated. Slime (film) formers were isolated from water samples collected from treated waste water; from brewery and bottling company in Aba. Result obtained from the adherence slip culture show the presence of five bacteria isolates with ability to adhere strongly onto the cover slip in water. The isolates and occurance were; Staphylococcus, 100%, Bacillus, 100%, Pseudomonas 80%, E.coli 40% and Listeria 50%. Further tests for confirmation of biofilm production was done using the congo red agar colorimetric method. Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas showed positive biofilm production while E.coli and Listeria did not produce slime in the culture. Also present of physico-chemical properties of the waste water samples indicates low quality with high BOD of 9.7mg/l to 22.5mg/l in the treated water bottling company waste water and from 9.67mg/l to 13.7mg/l. The COD range was 4.61mg/l to 8.06mg/l and from 2.75mg/l to 5.66mg/l in the two waste waters respectively. The pH ranged from 5.33 to 5.79 and from 5.43 to 6.23 in the water samples. The more variations in Temperature of the waters over the days as well as in the Total Solids and Total Suspended Solids content. The water was considered to be polluted by organic pollutant and unsuitable for domestic use as the biofilm can cause deliteries effects on utensils including corrosion and possible infections.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table
of Contents v
List
of Tables vii
List
of Figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Advantages
and disadvantages of biofilm application 2
1.3 Aims
and objectives 3
Chapter two
- LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Wastewater and Its Treatment 4
2.1.1 Wastewater Components 5
2.2 Biofilms 7
2.2.1 Development of formation of biofilm 8
2.2.2 Biofilm
system in Wastewater 11
2.2.3 Comparison
between suspended and fixed film 12
2.2.4 Sludge
mechanisms 13
2.2.5 Wastewater
and anaerobic treatment 14
CHAPTER THREE - MATERIALS AND METHOD 16
3.1 Sources
of Material 16
3.2
Sample and Media Preparation. 16
3.2.1
Sample and Sampling 16
3.2.2 Media
Preparations 16
3.3
Determination of Bacterial Load 17
3.4 Isolation
of Biofilm Producing Bacteria 18
3.4.1 Characterisation
and Identification of Biofilm suspect isolates 19
3.5 Determination
of physiochemical properties of waste water samples. 20
3.5.1 Determination
of temperature 20
3.5.2 Determination
of pH 20
3.5.3 Determination
of total and suspended solids. 20
3.5.4 COD
determination 21
3.5.5 Determination
of BOD 21
3.6
Determination of Biofilm formation of Isolates 22
CHAPTER FOUR – RESULTS 24
CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 30
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 31
References
Appendixes
LIST
OF TABLES
Table
Title Page
1: Confirming
of Biofilm Formation 24
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure
Title Page
1: Occurrence
of biofilm suspects on slip film culture 26
2: Physiochemical
composition of treated waste water from
brewery and bottling company 28
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 Introduction
Wastewater management is one of the
major concerns to both public and private institutions as it posses a great
challenge to the health of the citizens of a particular country in the world.
The water waste issue is not only important but as difficult to resolve. This is
the situation not only to the industrial areas but also to it surrounding
neighbourhood. Large waste water treatment plants present composite
technological units with high efficiency. This is because of the qualities
operation and long-time experiences (Gasparikova et al., 2005). The character of settlements in developed and developing
countries, industrial area and urban municipals does not allow many people to
connect the sewage system.
Sewage refers to the category of
waste water that have been eliminated from domestic users which include
households, food establishments, industries, agroeconomy, agroallied companies
etc. it consists of various pollutants
such as faecal wastes, food debris,
grease, detergents and other chemical substances. In general, sewage is
channeled through an extended pipping system underground to the waste water treatment plant where numerous steps and water
purification systems are used to remove the pollutants in waste water (Khaled, et al; 2014). A direct discharge to open
water sources such as rivers and the sea will result in water pollution.
Biofilm is a community of
microorganisms that may include bacteria, fungi, yeasts and protozoa, attached
to a solid surface (Venkat, et al;
2005). Biofilms are produced by microorganisms and consist of a sticky rigid
structure of polysaccharides and other organic contaminants. This slime layer
is anchored to a surface and provides a protective environment in which
microorganisms grow (Venkat et al;
2005). Biofilms from on any surfaces that is exposed to non-sterile water or
other liquids and are consequently found in many environmental, industrial and
medical environments. Numerous type of
biofilm is employed in biological waste water treatment system such as trickling , filtration system,
rotating biological contactors, fluidized bed reactors, fixed media submerged
biofiltrating etc. (Khaled et al;
2014).
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of biofilm
application
There are certain benefits and
disadvantages in these systems and biofilm applications. For instance, the use
of biofilm system is appealing in smaller applications due to simpler
procedures, lower maintenance cost and more reliable. However, the most common
drawback associated with biofilm is high organic loading that often results in
clogged films due to the proliferation of slime bacteria. The proliferation of
bacteria also results in other problems such as malodour issues in the
trickling filtration system and the restruction of oxygen for biofilm
microorganisms (Odegaard, 1999). All
sewage or waste water treatment facilities are required to conform to the
predetermined standards of water quality such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
5 levels, contents of suspended solids and the presence of other waste
substance. However, the current application of waste water treatment systems
which uses activities sludge system oxidation ponds, tricking filtration and
aerates lagoon are regards as inefficient by many studies (Shahot and Khmaj,
2012).
Considerable evidence exists in the
scientific literature that implicate biofilms as being responsible for a
variety of nosocomial infections associated with medical devices, hospital
equipment, and other hard surfaces (Venkat,
et al; 2005). Also, household and
workplace surfaces such as sinks, countertops, toilets and cutting boards can
acts as reservoirs. There is some evidence linking biofilms to diseases such as
ottis media (common ear infection) bacterial endocarditis and Legionnaire’s
disease. Biofilms have also been found in patients with cystic fibrosis (Venkat
et al; 2005).
The issue of compact wastewater
treatment system is gaining an elevates concern in the world mainly in densely populated regions where
there is a higher strain on the environment which results in high demand on waste
abatement. Both the cost of secondary treatment standards sets demands
for waste water treatment plants that have a small foot print, produce an
effluent of high standard and also comply with waste minimization (Leiknes and
Odegaard, 2001).
1.3 Aims and objectives
The objective of this project work is
to study bacteria biofilm formation in treated industrial waste water. The
objectives include specifically the following;
- Evaluating
the physio-chemical status of the wastewater samples collected from industrial
areas.
- To
isolate and identify biofilm forming bacteria in the waste water samples.
- To
determine the occurrence of biofilm formers in the treated water.
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