ANTIBIOGRAM AND BIOFILM FORMING POTENTIAL AMONG ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM CLINICAL ISOLATES IN UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

The study evaluated the antibiogram and potentials for biofilm formation from clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Umuahia, Abia State. Fifty (50) clinical isolates of E. coli were analyzed in the study; urine (20), wound (20) and High vagina swab (10). The samples were processed in the Microbiology laboratory of Michael Okpara University by standard techniques. Out of the 50 samples analysed, 35 (70%) were positive for biofilm forming potentials. Of the twenty (20) isolates obtained from wound swabs, 19(95%) were positive for biofilm forming potential while 12(60%) and 4(40%) of those obtained from urine and HVS cultures were positive for biofilm forming potentials respectively. Findings in this study revealed a pattern of high sensitivity of the test isolates to Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and Gentamicin. E coli from HVS samples recorded the highest sensitivity rates to most of the antibiotics used especially, Gentamicin and Streptomycin 10(100%) each. The resistant pattern from this study also showed high resistant rate of E. coli isolated from all sample against the antibiotic drug Ampicillin and Septrin. The study concludes that the high level resistance to commonly available drugs may be due to inappropriate use and misuse, inadequate dosages and poor treatment by quacks.  It is therefore suggested that policies for the control of antibiotic misuse and abuse be enacted and properly executed to tackle the problem of emerging resistance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page                                                                                                                              i

Title page                                                                                                                                ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Certification                                                                                                                            iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review                                                                                                        3

2.1       Escherichia coli                                                                                                          3

2.2       Antimicrobial Resistance                                                                                           3

2.2.1    Types of Resistance                                                                                                    4

2.2.2    Mechanisms of Resistance:                                                                                        4

2.2.3    Sources of Resistance Genes.                                                                                     8

2.3       Biofilm Formation                                                                                                      9

2.3.1    Biofilm Matrix                                                                                                            10

2.3.2    Intercellular Communication                                                                                     10

2.4       Diagnostic Significance of Biofilm Formation                                                          11

2.5       Antibiotic resistance associated with Biofilms                                                          12

2.6       Biofilm and Nosocomial Infections                                                                           13

2.7       How Antibiotics Stimulate Biofilm Formation?                                                        14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and methods                                                                                                15

3.1       Study Location                                                                                                           15

3.2       Sample collection                                                                                                       15

3.3       Confirmation of test isolates                                                                                       15

3.3.1    Colonial Morphology                                                                                                 15

3.3.2    Gram Staining                                                                                                            16

3.3.3    Motility test                                                                                                                16

3.3.4    Biochemical Tests                                                                                                      16

3.4       Detection of biofilm forming potential                                                                      18

3.5       Antibiotic sensitivity testing                                                                                       18

3.6       Data analysis                                                                                                               19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        20

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion                                                          25

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   25

5.2       Conclusion and Recommendation                                                                             26

            References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Skin, the largest organ in the human body, plays a crucial role in the sustenance of life through regulation of water and electrolyte balance, thermoregulation, and by acting as a barrier to external noxious agents including microorganisms, however, when the epithelial integrity of skin is disrupted, a wound results (Zafar et al., 2008). This may be characterized by the classic signs of redness, pain, swelling, raised temperature and fever (Sanjay et al., 2010).

The progression of a wound to an infected state is likely to involve a multitude of microbial and host factors, including the type, site, size, and depth of the wound, the extent contamination, the level of blood perfusion to the wound, the general health and immune status of the host, the microbial load and the virulence expressed by the types of microorganisms involved (Bowler et al., 2001).

Wound can be infected by a variety of microorganisms. The common gram-positive organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The gram-negative organisms are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, and Proteus species. The fungal organisms are Candida species and moulds such as Aspergillus species (Mordi and Momoh 2009).

The control of wound infections has become more challenging due to widespread bacterial resistance to antibiotics and to a greater incidence of infections by super bugs such as Multi-drug resistant E. coli, Pseuodomas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Stapylococcus aureus (MRSA) and polymicrobic flora (Akinjogunla et al., 2009). The proposed study aims to evaluate the plasmid profile of MDR E. coli isolated from wound infections within the study environment.

1.1       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern and potential for biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Umuahia. The specific objectives of the study are;

·       To isolate and identify Escherichia coli from clinical isolates.

·       To determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates.

·       To detect biofilm forming potential of Escherichia coli.

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