ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria especially by motor mechanics to dispose spent oil into gutters, water drains, open vacant plots and farms. The effect of spent oil on the anatomy and heavy metal content on vigna plants was investigated as well as creating opportunity for plant breeders in searching for ways of improving cowpea production in oil producing areas. The effect of spent oil contamination was studied on three different species of vigna (Vigna dekindtiana, Vigna marina and Vigna vexillata) at four different concentrations. The four different concentrations of spent oil graded from 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% of which each treatment has three replicates. The results show that a negative relationship existed between the oil levels in the soil and the growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, yellowness of leaves, folding of leaves and leaf drop) observed. The reductions and morphological effects in the growth and characteristics measured in the plants with spent oil increased as the concentration level of the contaminant increases compared to the control. Therefore, spent oil in soil has highly significant effects of some soil properties which include nitrogen and heavy metal properties. The oil also significantly reduced percentage germination and delayed germination as well as growth of the plants. The anatomical changes and observed heavy metal alterations in the plants and soils were discussed as a possible tool in phytomonitoring and phytoremediation. The soil and plant used for this project work were properly buried to prevent the reintroduction of the heavy metal parts of plants and soil into the food chain, since not all accumulated heavy metals are phyto extracted or completely degraded by plants.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Title page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of content
List of tables
List of plates
Abstract
Chapter
1: Introduction
1.1 Justification
1.2 Objectives of the study
Chapter
2: Literature Review
2.1 Effect on total germination and
cumulative germination
2.2 Effect of spent oil on height of plant
2.3 Effect of spent oil on leaf and girth
2.4 Effect of spent oil on chemical and
mineral content
2.5 Effect of spent oil on morphology of
plant
2.6 Botany of the plant
Chapter
3: Materials and method
3.1 Study area
3.2 Design of experiment
3.3 Collection of samples
3.4 Planting and soil treatment
3.5 Determination of heavy metals in plant
samples
3.5.1 Plant sample
3.5.2 Determination of Nitrogen content
3.6 Statistical analysis
Chapter
4: Results
4.0.1 The effect of spent oil polluted
soil on anatomy of plants
4.0.2 Effect of spent oil on heavy metal
content of vigna.
Chapter
5: Discussions and Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion
References
List of plates
Plate
1: 14 days after planting (control)
Plate
2: 14 days after planting (50%)
Plate
3: 14 days after planting (100%)
Plate
4: 14 days after planting (150%)
Plate
5: 14 days after planting (200%)
Plate
6: Height shown after 8 weeks of planting
Plate
7: Yellowing of leaves and leaf drop
Plate
8: 13 weeks after planting (200%)
Plate
9: 13 weeks after planting (control)
Plate
10: 13 weeks after planting (50%)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
disposal of spent engine oil into gutters, water, drains, open vacant plots,
and farms is a common practice in Nigeria especially by motor mechanics. This
oil also called spent lubricant or waste engine oil is usually obtained after
servicing and subsequently draining from automobile and generator engines (Sharifi
et al., 2007) and much of this oil is
poured into the soil. It has been shown that the existing mode of
indiscriminate disposal of spent oil does not only increases pollution
incidents in the environment but it is equally more prevalent than crude oil
pollution (Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002). With the commercial exploration of
petroleum products in Nigeria since 1958 (Okoh, 2003), petroleum has become the
main stay of the Nigerian economy with the petroleum exploration, exploitation
and distribution activities leading to the pollution of land and waterways in
the Niger Delta region of the country where oil exploration and exploitation
are carried out (Njoku et al, 2009) . The agricultural lands in the area
have become less productive (Dabbs, 1996) and the creeks and fishing water have
become more or less dead (Okpokwasili and Odokuma, 1990). Environmental
pollution has become a global problem affecting both developed and developing
countries (Suresh and Ravishankar, 2004) and it has assumed global concern
since it is a threat to the wellbeing of all life forms including humans.
Hydrocarbons are widespread in the environment; their major source is petroleum
but they are also formed by synthetic processes and by biological processes by
bacteria and plants (Weisman, 1998). Petroleum and petroleum products enter
soil from ruptured crude oil pipelines, land disposal of refinery products,
petroleum wastes, leaking storage tanks and accidental spill (Schwab and Bank,
1999; Schroder et al., 2002).Petroleum hydrocarbons found in the
environment usually originate from crude oil distillates like gasoline,
lubricating oils and other petroleum products used by humans for a variety of
activities like fueling of vehicles, natural gas, motor oil has been on the
increase due to industrialization that has resulted in increased consumption of
petroleum products resulting in increased contamination of sites with petroleum
and petroleum by- products (Bauman, 1991). According to Kathi and Khan (2011),
petroleum and its products are of specific concern in pollution studies because
of their structural complexity, slow biodegradability, biomagnification
potential and the serious health hazards associated with their release into the
environment Reasons that could be
adduced for this scenario is derived from upsurge of vehicle owners and
epileptic power failure that necessitated the use of generators in most homes,
shop owners and industries that make use of this lubricant (Anoliefo et al., 2001).
Spent
oil is produced when new mineral-based crankcase is subjected to high
temperature, high mechanical strain (ATSDR, 1997). It is a mixture of different chemicals (Wang et al., 2000) including petroleum
hydrocarbons, chlorinated biphenyls, chlorodibenzofurans, lubricative
additives, decomposition products and heavy metals that come from engine parts
as they wear away (ATSDR, 1997). After undergoing several production processes,
additives are usually incorporated to boost some of the oil properties like
viscosity, thermal and oxidation stability, etc (Dauda and Obi, 2000). These
additives when exposed to the atmosphere have toxic effect to the humans and
animals when in contact (Evdokimov and Fooks, 1959). The effects of oil in soil
include depression and inhibition of plant growth, by interfering with the
soilwater- plant interrelationships (Agbogidi and Ejemete, 2005; Agbogidi and
Dolor, 2007). Although researches have been carried out on the effects of spent
engine oil the growth of crop plants (Anoliefo and Vwioko, 1995; Wang et
al., 2000, Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002; Nwadinigwe and Uzodimina, 2005; Vwioko
and Fashemi, 2005, Agbogidi and Nweke, 2006; Sharifi et al., 2007;
Smith et al., 2007).
Cowpea
is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and sub-family,
Fabiodeae. It is grown extensively in the low lands and midaltitude regions of
Africa (particularly in the dry savanna) sometimes as sole crop but more often
intercropped with cereals such as sorghum or millet (Agbogidi, 2010a). World
production of cowpea was estimated to be 2.27 million tons of which Nigeria
produces about 850,000 tones (FAO, 2002; Adaji et al., 2007). Cowpea is
of major importance to the livelihoods of millions of relatively poor people in
less developed countries of the tropics (FAO, 2002). Islam et al. (2006)
emphasized that all parts of the plant used as food are nutritious providing
protein and vitamins, immature pods and peas are used as vegetables while
several snacks and main dishes are prepared from the grains (Duke, 1981;
Bittenbender et al., 1984). Egho (2009) reported that Nigeria is the 2nd
greatest consumer of cowpea in the whole world. Among the legumes, cowpea is
the most extensively grown, distributed and traded food crop consumed, more
than 50% (Philips and McWalters, 1991; Ogbo, 2009: Agbogidi, 2010a). This is
because the crop is of considerable nutritional and health value to man and
livestock (Agbogidi, 2010b). They form a major staple in the diet in Africa and
Asian continents (Awe, 2008). The seeds make up the largest contributor to the
overall protein intake of several rural and urban families hence Agbogidi
(2010b) regarded cowpea as the poor man’s major source of protein. Their amino
acid complements those of cereals (Fashokin and Ojo, 1988; Fashokin and
Fansaya, 1988; Asumugha, 2002). Their mineral contents: calcium and iron are
higher than that of meat, fish and egg and the iron content equates that of
milk; the vitamins- thiamin, riboflavin, niacin (water soluble) and their
levels compare with that found in lean meat and fish (Platt, 1962; Adams, 1984;
Rachie et al., 1985; Achuba, 2006) which make them very useful in blood
cholesterol reduction (Johnson et al., 1983; Anderson, 1985). Many
researchers including Anderson (1983), Adaji et al. (2007) and Adeniji
(2007) have showed that daily consumption of 100– 135gm of dry beans reduces
serum cholesterol level by 20% thereby, reducing the risk for coronary heart
diseases by 40% (Anderson, 1985; Ofuya, 1993). Besides its health related
benefits, beans are inexpensive, considerably cheaper than rice or any other
dietary fibre type (Ayenlere et al., 2012). It is a good food security
item as it mixes well with other recipe (Singh and Rachie, 1985; Muoneke et
al., 2012). Cowpea fixes atmosphere nitrogen through symbiosis with nodule
bacteria (Shiringani and Shimeles, 2011). It does well and most popular in the
semiarid of the tropics where other food legumes do not perform well (Sankie et
al., 2012). It is an extremely resilient crop and cultivated under some
of the most extreme agricultural conditions in the world (Owolade et al.,
2006; Muoneke et al., 2012). Information on the effects of spent oil
on the growth of vigna is however,
scarce. This study has been designed to screen three cultivars of vigna for adaptation to soil contaminated
with spent engine oil with a view to selecting and recommending the tolerant
cultivars to farmers especially in the oil producing areas of Nigeria. The
study also has the advantage of affording plant breeders the opportunity of
searching for ways of improving cowpea production in oil- producing areas. This
is because; successive cultivation of vigna
beyond the present limits in Nigeria requires the discovery and selection of
cultivars that are tolerant to oil effects.
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
Green plants were proposed for in situ soil phytoremediation, which has
become an attractive topic of research and development. Using leguminous crops
such as vigna in restoring soil
nutrient and in phytoremediation of spent oil contaminated soil has a lot of
advantages and potentials.
Phytoremediation is a cost effective,
eco-friendly and alternative to conventional treatments which rely on
incinerations, volatilization or immobilization of pollutants. The conventional
treatment technologies simply transfer the pollutants creating a new waste such
as incineration residues and not eliminate the problem.
Vigna as a plant choice in this study is to a large extent due to
its availability and its propagule in this part of the country where the
indiscriminate disposal of spent oil is of common occurrence.
The investigation therefore, seeks to
bring to the public’s notice, the potential of vigna plants in the green technology of phytoremediation and its
possible use in phytomonitoring.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of
the study are as follows;
· To
investigate the effect of spent oil on the growth of the plants (vigna)
· To
investigate the heavy metal contamination of spent oil in plants
· To
view the effect of the spent oil on the nitrogen fixing property of vigna species.
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