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EFFECT OF SPENT OIL ON THE HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN VIGNA SPECIES

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009699

No of Pages: 66

No of Chapters: 1-5

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                                               ABSTRACT

It is a common practice in Nigeria especially by motor mechanics to dispose spent oil into gutters, water drains, open vacant plots and farms. The effect of spent oil on the anatomy and heavy metal content on vigna plants was investigated as well as creating opportunity for plant breeders in searching for ways of improving cowpea production in oil producing areas. The effect of spent oil contamination was studied on three different species of vigna (Vigna dekindtiana, Vigna marina and Vigna vexillata) at four different concentrations. The four different concentrations of spent oil graded from 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% of which each treatment has three replicates. The results show that a negative relationship existed between the oil levels in the soil and the growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, yellowness of leaves, folding of leaves and leaf drop) observed. The reductions and morphological effects in the growth and characteristics measured in the plants with spent oil increased as the concentration level of the contaminant increases compared to the control. Therefore, spent oil in soil has highly significant effects of some soil properties which include nitrogen and heavy metal properties. The oil also significantly reduced percentage germination and delayed germination as well as growth of the plants. The anatomical changes and observed heavy metal alterations in the plants and soils were discussed as a possible tool in phytomonitoring and phytoremediation. The soil and plant used for this project work were properly buried to prevent the reintroduction of the heavy metal parts of plants and soil into the food chain, since not all accumulated heavy metals are phyto extracted or completely degraded by plants.

 







TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page

Declaration

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of content

List of tables

List of plates

Abstract


Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Justification

1.2 Objectives of the study


Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Effect on total germination and cumulative germination

2.2 Effect of spent oil on height of plant

2.3 Effect of spent oil on leaf and girth

2.4 Effect of spent oil on chemical and mineral content

2.5 Effect of spent oil on morphology of plant

2.6 Botany of the plant


Chapter 3: Materials and method

3.1 Study area

3.2 Design of experiment

3.3 Collection of samples

3.4 Planting and soil treatment

3.5 Determination of heavy metals in plant samples

3.5.1 Plant sample

3.5.2 Determination of Nitrogen content

3.6 Statistical analysis


Chapter 4: Results

4.0.1 The effect of spent oil polluted soil on anatomy of plants

4.0.2 Effect of spent oil on heavy metal content of vigna.


Chapter 5: Discussions and Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion

References

 

 

 

 

 

 




List of plates


Plate 1: 14 days after planting (control)

Plate 2: 14 days after planting (50%)

Plate 3: 14 days after planting (100%)

Plate 4: 14 days after planting (150%)

Plate 5: 14 days after planting (200%)

Plate 6: Height shown after 8 weeks of planting

Plate 7: Yellowing of leaves and leaf drop

Plate 8: 13 weeks after planting (200%)

Plate 9: 13 weeks after planting (control)

Plate 10: 13 weeks after planting (50%)


 


 

                                        

 

 

 

 

                                            

CHAPTER ONE


1.0 INTRODUCTION

The disposal of spent engine oil into gutters, water, drains, open vacant plots, and farms is a common practice in Nigeria especially by motor mechanics. This oil also called spent lubricant or waste engine oil is usually obtained after servicing and subsequently draining from automobile and generator engines (Sharifi et al., 2007) and much of this oil is poured into the soil. It has been shown that the existing mode of indiscriminate disposal of spent oil does not only increases pollution incidents in the environment but it is equally more prevalent than crude oil pollution (Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002). With the commercial exploration of petroleum products in Nigeria since 1958 (Okoh, 2003), petroleum has become the main stay of the Nigerian economy with the petroleum exploration, exploitation and distribution activities leading to the pollution of land and waterways in the Niger Delta region of the country where oil exploration and exploitation are carried out (Njoku et al, 2009) . The agricultural lands in the area have become less productive (Dabbs, 1996) and the creeks and fishing water have become more or less dead (Okpokwasili and Odokuma, 1990). Environmental pollution has become a global problem affecting both developed and developing countries (Suresh and Ravishankar, 2004) and it has assumed global concern since it is a threat to the wellbeing of all life forms including humans. Hydrocarbons are widespread in the environment; their major source is petroleum but they are also formed by synthetic processes and by biological processes by bacteria and plants (Weisman, 1998). Petroleum and petroleum products enter soil from ruptured crude oil pipelines, land disposal of refinery products, petroleum wastes, leaking storage tanks and accidental spill (Schwab and Bank, 1999; Schroder et al., 2002).Petroleum hydrocarbons found in the environment usually originate from crude oil distillates like gasoline, lubricating oils and other petroleum products used by humans for a variety of activities like fueling of vehicles, natural gas, motor oil has been on the increase due to industrialization that has resulted in increased consumption of petroleum products resulting in increased contamination of sites with petroleum and petroleum by- products (Bauman, 1991). According to Kathi and Khan (2011), petroleum and its products are of specific concern in pollution studies because of their structural complexity, slow biodegradability, biomagnification potential and the serious health hazards associated with their release into the environment  Reasons that could be adduced for this scenario is derived from upsurge of vehicle owners and epileptic power failure that necessitated the use of generators in most homes, shop owners and industries that make use of this lubricant (Anoliefo et al., 2001).  

Spent oil is produced when new mineral-based crankcase is subjected to high temperature, high mechanical strain (ATSDR, 1997).  It is a mixture of different chemicals (Wang et al., 2000) including petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated biphenyls, chlorodibenzofurans, lubricative additives, decomposition products and heavy metals that come from engine parts as they wear away (ATSDR, 1997). After undergoing several production processes, additives are usually incorporated to boost some of the oil properties like viscosity, thermal and oxidation stability, etc (Dauda and Obi, 2000). These additives when exposed to the atmosphere have toxic effect to the humans and animals when in contact (Evdokimov and Fooks, 1959). The effects of oil in soil include depression and inhibition of plant growth, by interfering with the soilwater- plant interrelationships (Agbogidi and Ejemete, 2005; Agbogidi and Dolor, 2007). Although researches have been carried out on the effects of spent engine oil the growth of crop plants (Anoliefo and Vwioko, 1995; Wang et al., 2000, Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002; Nwadinigwe and Uzodimina, 2005; Vwioko and Fashemi, 2005, Agbogidi and Nweke, 2006; Sharifi et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2007).

Cowpea is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and sub-family, Fabiodeae. It is grown extensively in the low lands and midaltitude regions of Africa (particularly in the dry savanna) sometimes as sole crop but more often intercropped with cereals such as sorghum or millet (Agbogidi, 2010a). World production of cowpea was estimated to be 2.27 million tons of which Nigeria produces about 850,000 tones (FAO, 2002; Adaji et al., 2007). Cowpea is of major importance to the livelihoods of millions of relatively poor people in less developed countries of the tropics (FAO, 2002). Islam et al. (2006) emphasized that all parts of the plant used as food are nutritious providing protein and vitamins, immature pods and peas are used as vegetables while several snacks and main dishes are prepared from the grains (Duke, 1981; Bittenbender et al., 1984). Egho (2009) reported that Nigeria is the 2nd greatest consumer of cowpea in the whole world. Among the legumes, cowpea is the most extensively grown, distributed and traded food crop consumed, more than 50% (Philips and McWalters, 1991; Ogbo, 2009: Agbogidi, 2010a). This is because the crop is of considerable nutritional and health value to man and livestock (Agbogidi, 2010b). They form a major staple in the diet in Africa and Asian continents (Awe, 2008). The seeds make up the largest contributor to the overall protein intake of several rural and urban families hence Agbogidi (2010b) regarded cowpea as the poor man’s major source of protein. Their amino acid complements those of cereals (Fashokin and Ojo, 1988; Fashokin and Fansaya, 1988; Asumugha, 2002). Their mineral contents: calcium and iron are higher than that of meat, fish and egg and the iron content equates that of milk; the vitamins- thiamin, riboflavin, niacin (water soluble) and their levels compare with that found in lean meat and fish (Platt, 1962; Adams, 1984; Rachie et al., 1985; Achuba, 2006) which make them very useful in blood cholesterol reduction (Johnson et al., 1983; Anderson, 1985). Many researchers including Anderson (1983), Adaji et al. (2007) and Adeniji (2007) have showed that daily consumption of 100– 135gm of dry beans reduces serum cholesterol level by 20% thereby, reducing the risk for coronary heart diseases by 40% (Anderson, 1985; Ofuya, 1993). Besides its health related benefits, beans are inexpensive, considerably cheaper than rice or any other dietary fibre type (Ayenlere et al., 2012). It is a good food security item as it mixes well with other recipe (Singh and Rachie, 1985; Muoneke et al., 2012). Cowpea fixes atmosphere nitrogen through symbiosis with nodule bacteria (Shiringani and Shimeles, 2011). It does well and most popular in the semiarid of the tropics where other food legumes do not perform well (Sankie et al., 2012). It is an extremely resilient crop and cultivated under some of the most extreme agricultural conditions in the world (Owolade et al., 2006; Muoneke et al., 2012).  Information on the effects of spent oil on the growth of vigna is however, scarce. This study has been designed to screen three cultivars of vigna for adaptation to soil contaminated with spent engine oil with a view to selecting and recommending the tolerant cultivars to farmers especially in the oil producing areas of Nigeria. The study also has the advantage of affording plant breeders the opportunity of searching for ways of improving cowpea production in oil- producing areas. This is because; successive cultivation of vigna beyond the present limits in Nigeria requires the discovery and selection of cultivars that are tolerant to oil effects.

 

1.1 JUSTIFICATION

 

Green plants were proposed for in situ soil phytoremediation, which has become an attractive topic of research and development. Using leguminous crops such as vigna in restoring soil nutrient and in phytoremediation of spent oil contaminated soil has a lot of advantages and potentials.

Phytoremediation is a cost effective, eco-friendly and alternative to conventional treatments which rely on incinerations, volatilization or immobilization of pollutants. The conventional treatment technologies simply transfer the pollutants creating a new waste such as incineration residues and not eliminate the problem.

Vigna as a plant choice in this study is to a large extent due to its availability and its propagule in this part of the country where the indiscriminate disposal of spent oil is of common occurrence.

The investigation therefore, seeks to bring to the public’s notice, the potential of vigna plants in the green technology of phytoremediation and its possible use in phytomonitoring.

 

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study are as follows;

·      To investigate the effect of spent oil on the growth of the plants (vigna)

·      To investigate the heavy metal contamination of spent oil in plants

·      To view the effect of the spent oil on the nitrogen fixing property of vigna species.

    

 

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