Abstract
The potential therapeutic effects of natural substances on drug overdose cases have garnered significant interest in the field of pharmacology and toxicology. This abstract focuses on investigating the effect of coconut water on paracetamol overdose in an Albino rabbit model, with the aim of exploring the potential protective and therapeutic properties of this natural remedy. Paracetamol overdose is a common cause of drug toxicity and liver damage, posing a serious health risk to individuals. Coconut water, known for its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, has been suggested to have potential benefits in mitigating the adverse effects of paracetamol overdose. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of coconut water supplementation on liver function, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological changes in Albino rabbits exposed to paracetamol overdose. Through experimental analysis and data interpretation, this research aims to elucidate the protective effects of coconut water in alleviating the toxic effects of paracetamol overdose on liver health. By assessing biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological findings, the study aims to provide insights into the potential therapeutic role of coconut water in mitigating drug-induced liver damage. The findings of this study have the potential to contribute valuable information to the field of toxicology and pharmacology, highlighting the possible benefits of coconut water as a natural remedy for paracetamol overdose. By exploring the protective effects of coconut water on liver function in an animal model, this research aims to pave the way for further investigations into the use of natural substances in managing drug toxicity and promoting liver health.
Keywords: Coconut Water, Paracetamol Overdose, Albino Rabbits Model, Hepatoprotective Effects, Toxicology Research
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
1.3 AIM OF STUDY
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 COCONUT WATER
2.0.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COCONUT WATER
2.0.2.1 PHYTOHORMONES:
2.0.2.2 AUXINS:
2.0.2.3 CYTOKININS:
2.0.2.4 N6-FURFURYLADENINE (KINETIN):
2.0.2.5 GIBBERELLINS (GAS):
2.0.2.6 INORGANIC IONS:
2.1 VITAMINS:
2.2 PARACETAMOL(ACETEMINOPHEN)
2.2.1 MECHANISM OF ACTION
2.2.2 PARACETAMOL OVERDOSE/TOXICITY
2.3 ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE:
2.4 THE LIVER:
2.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER:
2.4.2 LIVER FUNCTION TEST:
2.5 THE KIDNEY:
2.5.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.0 APPARATUS
3.1 REAGENTS (CHEMICALS)
3.2 COCONUT WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION:
3.3 STANDARD DRUG USED:
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS:
3.5 METHOD
3.6 BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
4.1 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
One of the most important discoveries in field of medicine was synthesis of acetaminophen (Paracetamol) which is one of the frequently used medications worldwide. Paracetamol commonly used as analgesic and antipyretic shows some strange and life threatening effects like liver damage which leads to fulminant liver failure and also death. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) was discovered 100 years ago, but its use as an over the counter (OTC) medication began only in the 1960s and is now the most frequently used OTC medication which makes it available for misuse by patients. Paracetamol overdose is a common means of self-poisoning worldwide due its wide availability and accessibility (Usama & Naser 2014). Potential liver damage, predicted from blood paracetamol concentration and time from ingestion, can be prevented by prompt treatment with antidote. However, young and otherwise healthy patients still risk serious liver injury, especially if they present more than a few hours after overdose or take staggered overdoses over hours or days (Robin & David, 2011). Significant hepato-toxicity in the absence of renal impairment is common in paracetamol poisoning. Acute renal failure occurs following approximately 1 % of overdoses involving paracetamol, in these cases, the patients generally have hepatic failure or substantial biochemical evidence of hepatic damage. Renal dysfunction in paracetamol overdose has been well described in both humans and in animal models. Renal impairment is due to acute tubular necrosis clinically and histological and renal dysfunction in this case is consistent with paracetamol toxicity (Normana& Barry, 2010). In contrast to NSAIDs, paracetamol does not have an anti-inflammatory effect due to lack of peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. However, there is some in vivo evidence showing that, in addition to its CNS inhibitory effects on COX III, paracetamol can inhibit COX II systemically in a manner similar to the selective COX-II inhibitors. Renal prostaglandin production is mediated primarily by cyclo-oxygenase, and plays a major role in compensatory renal haemodynamics. NSAIDs, and potentially paracetamol in overdose, have a variety of effects on the kidney (Pakravan et al, 2018).
Coconut water is more nutritious than whole milk for its less fat and no cholesterol, more healthy than orange juice for it is much lower calories and better than processed baby milk as it contain lauric acid which is present in human mother’s milk (George et al., 2014). Coconut water is used as therapeutic means of fighting against viruses (Ranti et al, 2015), it also replenishes the body’s fluid after exercise, lowers cholesterol, re-hydrates the body and can carry nutrients and oxygen to cells (Thomas et al, 2010). In the Indian ayurvedic medicine, it is described as “unctuous, sweet, increasing semen, promoting digestion and clearing the urinary path”. There are numerous references to medicinal uses of coconut in Sri Lanka, a country where coconut is consumed on daily basis, Coconut water appears to be able to support the synthesis of proteins from recombinant DNA vectors (Alexia et al, 2012). Coconut water also offers protection against myocardial infarction. Interestingly, a study has shown that regular consumption of either coconut water or mauby (liquid extracted from the bark of the mauby tree, Colubrina arborescens), or particularly, a mixture of them, is effective in bringing about the control of hypertension. The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by its unique chemical composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytohormones, some of the most significant and useful components in coconut water are cytokinins, which are a class of phytohormones (Jean et al 2010).
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Paracetamol overdose is one of the most common reasons for emergency hospital admission. Around 100,000 people present to emergency departments each year in the UK with paracetamol overdose, and around half are admitted for antidote therapy with acetylcysteine (Park et al, 2015). Although, there is limited information on the effect of paracetemol over dose and a possible cure. Paracetamol can cause severe hepatotoxicity in overdose. Paracetamol is the major cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe. Determination of blood paracetamol concentration is rarely reported in Nigeria. Paracetamol poisoning is one of the likely causes of liver disorders in Nigeria.
1.2JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Most cases in the UK are impulsive acts of self-harm in young people. In one cohort study of 80 people who had overdosed with paracetamol, 42 had obtained the tablets for the specific purpose of taking an overdose, and 33 had obtained them less than 1 hour before the act. Overdoses from paracetamol alone directly result in an estimated 150 to 200 deaths and 15 to 20 liver transplants each year in England and Wales (data from routinely collected health and coronial statistics). It is therefore important that more research is carried out to assess the effectiveness of coconut water on management of paracetamol overdose effect on the body system. Hence, this study is justified by the fact that it gives scientific data on the effect of coconut water on paracetamol overdose albino rabbits.
1.3 AIM OF STUDY
The aim of this research was to study the effect of a natural product, Coconut water in paracetemol overdosed albino wistar rabbits.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The following objectives were set for this study to achieve the above aim;
• Induction of Paracetmol overdose in albino rabbits.
• Treatment of paracetemol overdose in induced albino rabbits using coconut water
• Assessing the effect of coconut water on paracetemol overdose in Albino rabbits model.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
Does coconut water have any effect on paracetamol overdose intake?
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