CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKROUND OF THE STUDY
Cerebrospinal
Meningitis (CSM) is an acute inflammation of the membranes covering the brain
and the spinal cord. It is a very serious infection that can lead to death if
left untreated by (CDC 2018.
Cerebrospinal
meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes the
inflammation may be caused by infection with virus, bacteria, or other
microorganisms and less commonly by certain drugs according to world health
organization (WHO, 2019).
Neisseria meningitis often referred of a
meningoluccus is an gram negative bacterium that can caused meningitis and
other form meningoccal diseases such as meningococemia a life threatening
sepsis. The bacterium is around and diploccus because it is often joined to
forms pair. It is part of the normal non- pathogenic human flora in the pharynx
in about 10 percent of Davit 2018(WHO).
As
an exclusive human pathogen it is the main cause of bacterium meningitis in children’s
and joins adults causing development impairment and death in about 10 percent
of cases. It causes the only form of
bacterial meningitis knows to occur epidemically in Africa and Asia.
Neisseria meningitis is spread through sallies
and respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing and chewing of
trees, leading to illness death and disability in both developed and under
developed countries worldwide. It infects the cell by sticking to it will long
thing extensions called pills.
In
1884 store and Angelo first observed the bacterium from the cerebrospinal fluid
(C S F) of patients with bacterium meningitis. He named of bacterium diploccus
intraceluries meningitis.
Bacterium
meningitis is associated with a significant mortality rate that range from 4
percent in infants and children to 20- 30 percent in neonates and adult
preventive measures including immunization during the last decades have
decreased the number of childhood meningitis however, follow up of survivor is
important. (MILANI 2004) Symptoms commonly associated with bacterial meningitis
include acute onset of high fever headache, neck stiffness, photophbia and confusion.
The survivors are at high risk to develop long term sequelea despite
appropriate antibiotics therapy and availability of vaccines the pathogenic
reaction from meningitis can affect the inner ear or lead to neuronal injury
that includes cortical necrosis and hippocampal apoptosis. Even after initial
antibiotics therapy secondary brain injury continues for up to four days due to
inflammatory responses and strong immune reaction hence, bacterial meningitis
is associated with learning and memory deficits cognitive deficiencies and sensorimotor
impairment including hearing and visual loss and motor dysfunction. Up to a
third of all survivors suffer transient
or permanent deafness percent of childhood survivors experience neurological
deficits at least five years after the initial diagnosis in addition to the
neurological damage, ossification of the inner ear has been described
contributing to the long term effects of childhood meningitis.
Disease distribution vanes causing strain are
classified according to the antigenic structure of their polysaccharide
capsules serotype markedly around the world. Among the 13 identified capsule
types of Neisseria meningitis 6 six AA, B, C, WB5, X and Y account for most
disease cases worldwide. Types A have been the most prevalent in Africa and
Asia, but are rare particularly absent in North America.
In
the United State , serotype B is most dominant cause of disease and mortality
followed by serotype C the multiple serotype have hindered development of a
universal vaccines for meningolocallal diseases ( Nassau 2013).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Cerebrospinal
meningitis (CSM), is a major public health problem still affecting tropical
countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Group A and occasionally group C
account for large scale epidemics in many countries in the African meningitis
belt. The study aimed to describe the pattern of cerebrospinal meningitis
outbreak in Kebbi state in 2015.
Cerebrospinal
meningitis (CSM) has been a major cause of high mortality rate especially among
children who are under 5 years of age cerebrospinal meningitis from past
pandemic record shows that it is normally must for 15 percent of childhood
mortality. In the past effect that affected Nigeria, it has observed that
children less than 5 years of age were affected at Dutse local government and
his factor influenced may to carry out my research project Dutse local
government Jigawa state.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Cerebrospinal
meningitis among free school children is much of a health problems in the
world, especially in developing countries along with Nigeria and other
countries included due to its global spread but the research was only in Dutse local
government Jigawa state Nigeria.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
main purpose of this study is to find the dangers associated with the effects
of the cerebrospinal meningitis monitor the extreme manifestation of sign and
symptoms and appropriate lasting solutions to the problem (Also due to its
large dearth) This study always try to differentiate clearly cerebrospinal
meningitis from other disease with similar sign and symptoms such as diphtheria,
malaria, headache, severe fever etc.
1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this
research work is:
1 To find out the root causes of cerebrospinal
meningitis and bacterial infection.
2 To determine the sign and symptoms associated with
cerebrospinal meningitis under children 0-5 year.
3 To Create awareness
of the preventive measures of cerebrospinal meningitis.
4 To find out predisposing facture of cerebrospinal
meningitis in the area of study.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. This
research work is intended to support individuals’ families and communities on the
concern of the research towards their problems.
2. This
research in addition will help towards fulfilling the federal government action
plan for the health for all by the year of 2021.
3. It
will also ensure healthy young children for a better future generation.
4. It
will redirect the local government activities on their roles to the grass root
community development activities forms.
5. It
will eve as foundational study for the
upcoming young group of students researchers
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND
HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH QUESTION ONE 1
Do
the parents know the causes of cerebrospinal meningitis bacterial in the area
of study?
HYPOTHESIS ONE 1
Yes
the parent does know the causes of cerebrospinal meningitis bacterial in the
area of study.
RESEARCH QUESTION TWO 2
Can
poverty or poor solid economic condition of the parents be predisposing factor
of cerebrospinal meningitis in the area of study?
HYPOTHESIS TWO 2
Poverty
and poor solid economic condition of the parents to be predisposing of
cerebrospinal meningitis in the area of study
RESEARCH QUESTION THREE 3
Does
the provision of well equipped health facilities and adequate skilled personal improve the management of
cerebrospinal meningitis.
HEYPOTHESIS THREE 3
Provision
of well equipped health facilities and adequate skilled personnel will improve
the management of cerebrospinal meningitis.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE
TERM
Cerebrospinal
meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal
cord, caused by a specific organism, accompanied by fever and occasionally red
spots on the skin, also called brain fever, cerebrospinal fever.
Immunization:
A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through
vaccination. This term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or
inoculation.
Vaccine:
A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against
diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some
can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
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