TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose of
the study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope of the study
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship
2.2 Entrepreneurship
and economic Development
2.3 Entrepreneurship Education and
Sustainable Development in Nigeria
2.3.1 Strategies
for Effective Entrepreneurship Education
2.3.2 Objectives
of Entrepreneurship Education
2.4 Competence-based view of entrepreneurship
2.5 Developing entrepreneurial competencies
as a student business
2.6 Entrepreneurship Education and Technological Patterns
2.7
Related Empirical Studies
2.8
Summary of review of related literature
CHAPTER THREE
Research
Methodology
3. 0 Introduction
3.1 Design
of the study
3.2 Sample
size
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Instrument
for data collection
3.5 Validation
of instrument
3.6 Reliability of instrument
3.7 Method of data collection
3.8 Method of statistical
analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Research Question 1
4.2
Research Question 2
4.3 Research
Question 3
4.4
Research Question 4
4.5 Preliminary Findings
4.6 Discussion
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY
OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY
5.1 Re-statement of the Problem.
5.2 Summary of Procedure Used
5.3 Principal
Findings
5.4 Summary of the Study
5.5.1
Discussion Of Findings
5.6 Conclusion
5.7 Recommendations
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study
Over the years there
have been many definitions of
entrepreneurship and they have all been acceptable definitions but i
define it as the capacity and
willingness to develop,
organize and manage a business
venture along
with any of its risks in order to
make a profit.
The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.
In economics,
entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural
resources and capital can produce profit.
Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and
risk-taking, and is an essential part of
a nation's ability to
succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive global marketplace.
One can simply say that
entrepreneurship as the pursuit of a self-owned
business or company. Entrepreneurs are people who are willing to take risks to
make a profit, whether by inventing a new product or opening their own company,
it is also the behavior of starting business or taking on financial risk with
the hope of making a profit. Entrepreneurship is almost a way of life. If you
have it in you, then it permeates everything that you do.
Entrepreneurship is the
act of starting a company, arranging business deals and taking risks in order
to make a profit through the skills acquired (Omolayo 2006). Entrepreneurship
education can also be described as the term given to who has innovative ideas
and also posses the ability to transforms it to profitable activities.
Entrepreneurship in other words is the process of bringing together creative,
innovative ideas and coupling these with management and organizational skills
in order to combine people, money and resources to meet an identified need and
create wealth. In the same vein, Nwangwu (2007) opined that entrepreneurship is
a process of bringing together the factors of production, which include land,
labour and capital so as to provide a product or service for public
consumption. However, the operational definition of entrepreneurship is the willingness
and ability of a person or persons to acquire educational skills to explore and
exploit investment opportunities, establish and manage a successful business
enterprise.
Entrepreneur
can be defined as an innovating individual who has developed an ongoing
business activity where none existed before. Meredith (1983) defined an
entrepreneur as a person or persons who possesses the ability to recognize and
evaluate business opportunities, assemble the necessary resources to take
advantage of them and take appropriate action to ensure success. Entrepreneurs
are people who constantly discover new markets and try to figure out how to
supply those markets efficiently and make a profit.
An
Entrepreneur is a person that searches for change, responds to change, and
exploits change by converting change into business opportunity.
Political
instability and inconsistencies in the social-economic policies of successive
government led to the emergence of high level unemployment in Nigeria. In the
mid 80s, the Nigeria economic collapsed while youth and graduate unemployment
hit the roof. There was large-scale layoff of workers and early retirements as
a result of structural adjustment policies and bad economic trends in the
country. In the face of this situation entrepreneurship, which would have
salvaged the situation, was not encouraged. It has been observed that tertiary
education has not been properly included with philosophy of self-reliance such
as creating a new cultural and productive environment, that will promote pride
in self-discipline, encouraging people to take part actively and freely in
discussions and decisions affecting their general welfare, promoting new sets
of attitudes and culture for the attainment of future challenges.
According
to Nwangwu (2007), the failure of tertiary education to inculcate the above
philosophy in students has led to wastages in terms of both human and natural
resources. This is because the youth and graduate from tertiary institutions
are not equipped with the skills with which to exploit the natural resources
that abound in Nigeria. All these factors have rendered the pursuit of
self-reliance among our graduates difficult to retain. Whether technology alone
will be sufficient to achieve an entrepreneurship sustainable future is
unclear. This will depend on public and private support for entrepreneurship
beneficial technologies and the extent to which further growth in world
population and economic output will compromise per capita emissions reductions
and a more efficient use of natural resources.
Sustainable
development is a
pattern of economic growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not
only in the present, but also for generations to come (Paul,
2005). Sustainable development ties
together concern for the carrying
capacity of natural
systems with the
social challenges faced by humanity. Sustainable development
requires balancing environmental, societal and economic considerations in the
pursuit of development and an improved quality of life. Sustainability includes
intergenerational equity, gender equity, just and peaceful societies, social
tolerance, environmental preservation and restoration, poverty alleviation and
natural resource conservation (Paul, 2005). The major essential tool for
achieving sustainable development includes the following:
·
Improve the quality of basic education;
·
Reorient existing education programmed
to address sustainable development;
·
Develop public awareness and
understanding; and
·
Provide training for all sectors of
private and civil society.
Education
for Sustainable Development is the focus or projection of education that seeks
to equip people towards creating a sustainable future. Stakeholders such as
government, businesses, educational institutions, media, and organizations play
important roles in achieving sustainable development. Each of these sectors has
a different vision of sustainable development. Some are interested in
environmental preservation and protection; some have economic development
interests while other may be more interested in social development. According
to UNESCO (2003) the way each nation, cultural group and individual views
sustainable development will depend on its own values.
In
many European nations, Universities and technical colleges trained students of
science, economics and business management in skills that helps to build more
sustainable societies. Programs such as Peace Education, Human Right Education,
Environmental Education and Youth Entrepreneur schemes are carried out in many
schools (UNESCO, (2003). Hence, such initiatives help students and teachers to
gain an understanding of the inter-linkages needed for sustainable development
(Paul, 2005). The emphasis has been on education that will provide life and
occupational skills that will enhance the potentials of individual, reinforcing
self-sufficiency and improving quality of life.
Entrepreneurial
competency is defined as the capability of entrepreneurs to face effectively a
critical situation by making sense of environmental constraints and by
activating relational and internal specific resources’ (Iandoli, (2007).
Entrepreneurial competencies are defined as individual’s traits, such as
specific knowledge, motives, features, self images, social roles and abilities
which result in venture’s success. Some entrepreneurial competencies can be
learned through formal education, other competencies are tacit and depend on
individual’s characteristics and are built during the person’s life,
experience, and career (Brownell, (2006).
Entrepreneurial
competencies associated with the firm’s performance and competitiveness
business growth and success (Mitchelmore and Rowley, (2010). Acquiring
entrepreneurial competencies is of key importance for entrepreneurs willing to
achievement oriented entrepreneurs. Issues relating to the competencies
development process relating to entrepreneurs have generally been neglected. Competencies
play an important role in successful entrepreneurship. Surprisingly, the
research on the entrepreneurial competencies is rather limited (Mitchelmore and
Rowley, (2010).
This
study examines the effect of automobile technology students’ competency on
entrepreneurship for sustainable development in Lagos State. Also, change in
basic technologies of production, transport and consumption rather than
modifications of existing products and processes or the adoption of end-of-pipe
technologies are also considered.
However,
such changes alone will be largely insufficient for achieving the ultimate goal
of sustainable development. To achieve that, more fundamental changes in
technology are needed.
1.2
Statement of the problem
There are basically two
ways a graduate can end up , either into the soft skill level which is gaining
employment in a corporate world(white-collar job) or entrepreneurial
skills(business owner) to start one’s own business. In Nigeria’s economic
environment which has unemployment as one of its major problems, it is of
benefit that when a student acquires proper knowledge in entrepreneurship
skills such student would be able to discover what they can lay their hands on
if corporate employment does not come. The importance of entrepreneurship to any economy is
like that of entrepreneurship in any community. Entrepreneurial activity and
the resultant financial gain are always of benefit to a country. If a student
has entrepreneurship skills then they will recognize a genuine opportunity when
you come across one and that makes unemployment reduction possible.
The
present education system encourages cramming and memory and not on creativity
and practical application of knowledge and this is unhealthy
and unstable for a virile technological advancement and entrepreneurship development .Also fear of
failure by the people to take risk on entrepreneurial activities, while an
unstable and conducive political environment drives away people that are
planning to embark on entrepreneurial activities hence it does not make
knowledge delivery on entrepreneurial skills available to students.
In addition, government
programs are not designed to promote technological and entrepreneurship
sustainability in Nigeria, the level of infrastructural development provided by
the government is still very low and this has been affecting to a very high
extent the level of productivity and entrepreneurial activities in the country. Judging
by the figures that are coming out of the Education Ministry in Nigeria, In the
last few years, at least 60% of graduates are not able to get employment
immediately. Because of that, they go into one entrepreneurial venture or
another, but unfortunately they have not been adequately prepared to face the challenges
of venturing.
Introduction
of entrepreneurship skills in our curriculum and making it compulsory in
education system in order to prepare students for proper skills needed in
venturing into any business they can after graduating as this will help reduce
unemployment. However, the education institution need to encourage
entrepreneurship skills right from the curriculum itself and government should
also take initiative in encouraging the students by providing conducive climate
for the same.
Teachers and faculties
should motivate students in being interested in this aspect of the curriculum
and it should be emphasized as a very important knowledge that may be useful
after completion of studies.
More so,
Entrepreneurial development through education will advance the economy of the
nation hence much credence should be given to it and ingrained with focus on
profitable personal development. Infrastructure provision and non-profitable
organization invitation into sponsoring various entrepreneurial programs and
funding in institutions is a very important aspect in the growth and
development of entrepreneurship development and employment level of a nation.
1.3
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study will be
to:
1.
Examine automobile technology student competency
on entrepreneurship.
2.
Find out the effect of entrepreneurship
on sustainable development in Lagos state.
3.
Explores some of the policy issues in
achieving a shift towards a more sustainable development in Lagos State.
1.4
Significance of the Study
The
result of this studies will be useful to the youth both graduates and
undergraduates. This is because it will help them to be aware, prepare and
improve on personal development of their entrepreneurial skills hence gives
chance to those who are not lucky or do not become gainfully employed in the so
called ‘White-Collar’ jobs to start their own business with the little possible
finance they lay their hands on.
Secondly, The result of the study will be
useful to the government as it will lay emphasis on the various ways in which
entrepreneurship skill development in students can reduce unemployment and also
point out the various ways this can be done and policies that will be put in
place to make sure that entrepreneurial activities can be directed
toward productive ends conducive to economic progress.
Thirdly,
the society is a large faction to gain from this study by making known the
importance of delivering the knowledge of entrepreneurship skills can go a long
way to meet local needs from hairdresser, financial consultant,
emergency plumber and other local but important business owners. This study
also talks about the fear people have in risk of starting a business and how
that can be overcome and how the society is a large factor in the fear that is
created in the mind of someone that wants to start a business.
1.5
Research Questions
This study will provide answers to
the following questions:
1.
What are the automobile technology
student competencies on entrepreneurship?
- What are the effects of
entrepreneurship on sustainable development in Lagos state?
- To what extent is automobile
technology affect students competency on entrepreneurship development?
4. What
are the policy issues in achieving a shift towards a more sustainable
development in Lagos State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference
between students in rural and urban area and competency in entrepreneurship
2. There is no significant difference
between the mean scores of students’ social economic status on entrepreneurship
development
3. There is no significant relationship
between automobile technology and students’ competency on entrepreneurship
development
1.6
Significance of the study
The finding of the
study will equip our general knowledge on the nature of automobile technology and
student’s competency on entrepreneurship with emphasis on sustainable
development on Lagos State.
This research work is significant
because it will assist lecturers, educationists, parents and students to
realize that entrepreneurship development is key to sustainable development.
Curious readers who are in need of general
information on entrepreneurships will
profit from reading of the project since it will enhance their knowledge on how
sustainable development can be attained.
1.7
Scope of the study
The
study will be mainly on the effects of automobile technology students’
competency on entrepreneurship for sustainable development in
Lagos state. The study will be limited to secondary schools in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State.
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