ABSTRACT
The West Africa agricultural productivity programme (WAAPP) has a package of technologies for farmers’ adoption, which are expected to increase rice production. But whether this expectation has been met is worth investigating. This study was therefore carried out to determine the effect of adoption of WAAPP technologies on rice farmers’ production in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, determined the effectiveness of WAAPP in training and input delivery to the respondents, determined the extent of adoption of the technologies disseminated by WAAPP, ascertained the effect of adoption of WAAPP technologies on the respondents’ yield, determined the effect of adoption of WAAPP technologies on income and examined the challenges faced by the respondents which limited their production. The study employed multi-stage random sampling techniques to select a sample of 180 rice farmers. Three agricultural zones were selected, namely: Ebonyi north, Ebonyi central and Ebonyi south. Two blocks from each of the agricultural zones were selected giving a total of 6 extension blocks. Three cells were randomly selected from each of the blocks giving a total of 18 cells. Ten rice farmers who participated in WAAPP were randomly selected from each of the selected cells giving a sample of 180. Primary data were sourced from the farmers through a structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and simple regression analysis was used to analyse the data. Results show that the mean age of respondents was 35years. Most of the respondents (66.11%) were married. The average household size was 6 persons. Major occupation of greater number of the respondents (53.89%) was farming. The average number of years of experience was 10 years. On the average, the farm size of the respondents was 2.5 hectares. The grand mean of 2.37 was obtained on effectiveness of WAAPP on training and input delivery, on a three point scale. A grand mean score of 2.38 on a three point scale indicated a moderate level of adoption of WAAPP technologies. An average of 3.6 metric tons per hectare was harvested showing increased yield.Similarly, an average annual income of N446,530.55 was also reported. Result of the regression analysis with respect to hypothesis 1 showed that there was a significant relationship between adoption of WAAPP technologies and yield. For hypothesis 2, a significant relationship was found between adoption of WAAPP technologies and income. Thus, the null hypotheses were rejected, while the alternative hypotheses were accepted at 5% level. The study concluded that the adoption of WAAPP technologies by rice farmers increased their yield and income. The study therefore recommended among others greater sensitization and participation of more farmers in the programme to attainment of food security and poverty alleviation in the study area.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of The Study 1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem 4
1.3 Research
Questions 6
1.4 Objectives of the Study 6
1.5
Hypotheses 7
1.6 Justification of The Study 7
CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Agricultural Development In Nigeria 9
2.2 Major
Agricultural Policies That Affects Rice Production in Nigeria 11
2.3
Transforming Rice Production in Nigeria 13
2.4 The
Concept Of World Bank Assisted Programmes In Nigeria 15
2.5 Some
Farmer’s Agricultural Production Foundation Programmes in Nigeria 18
2.6
Agricultural Value Chain Studies And Implementation Projects 22
2.6.1Analysis of 6 Agricultural Value Chains
22
2.7 Major
Problems of Rice Production In Nigeria That Attracted World Bank Assisted
Programmes 24
2.8 Lessons
from World Bank Assisted Agricultural Policies and Programmes in Nigeria 29
2.9 World
Bank Agricultural Policies and Programmes That Affected Rice Production in
The Colonial Era 31
2.9.1 Farm Settlement Scheme (FSS) 32
2.10 Agricultural
Policies And Programmes That Affected Rice Production In The Post-
Colonial
Era 33
2.10.115th
January 1966 to 29th May 1999 (Military Era) 34
2.11 Government
Programmes To Alleviate Poverty Among Rice And Other Arable Crop
Farmers 41
2.11.1 National Economic Empowerment
and Development Strategy (NEEDS) 42
2.11.2 National, Special Programme on Food Security (NSPFS) 43
2.11.3 Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) 44
2.12
Inconsistency Of Agricultural Policies And Programmes 46
2.12.1
Emphasis on Mainly Food and Animal Production 46
2.12.2 Delay,
Embezzlement, Misappropriation and Lack of Fund to Pursue Specific
Policy/Programme to
an Expected End 47
2.12.3 Inadequate Virile Technical
Advisory/Extension Services 47
2.12.4
Lack/Inadequate Monitoring and Evaluation of Programmes/Project 48
2.13
Theoretical Framework 48
2.13.1 Modernization Theory 48
2.13.2 Technological
Theory 52
2.13.3 The Economic Theory 53
2.14
Conceptual Framework 55
CHAPTER
3: METHODOLOGY
3.1
Study Area 58
3.2 Population of Study 59
3.3 Sample
and Sampling Procedure 59
3.4 Data
Collection 59
3.5 Validity
of the Instrument 60
3.6 Reliability
of the Instrument 60
3.7 Data Analysis 60
3.8 Model Specification 61
3.8.1 Co-efficient of Determination (r2) 63
3.8.2 Inference about the Parameters in
Regression and Correlation Analysis 64
3.9
Justification of the Model 64
3.10
Measurement of Variables 64
3.10.1
Independent Variable 64
3.10.2 Dependent Variable 65
3.10.3 Intervening Variables: 65
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio-Economic
Characteristics of the Respondents 67
4.1.1
Age 69
4.1.2 Sex 69
4.1.3Level
of education 70
4.1.4 Marital status 70
4.1.5 Household Size 71
4.1.6 Major Occupation 71
4.1.7 Farming Experience 72
4.1.9 Extension Contacts 72
4.1.10
Co-operative Membership 73
4.1.11 Farm Size 73
4.1.12
Farmers Status 74
4.1.13 Workshop/Training/Seminar Attendance 74
4.2
Activities of WAAPP Engaged in by
Rice Farmers in Ebonyi State 74
4.3: Extent
of Adoption of Technologies Disseminated By WAAPP Programme 76
4.4 Effects
of Adoption of WAAPP Technologies on the Respondents Yield 79
4.5
Effects of Adoption of WAAPP Technologies
on the Respondents Income 82
4.6:
Constraints Faced By the
Respondents In The Study Area 83
4.7 Test
of Hypotheses 85
4.7.1 Test of Hypothesis One 85
4.7.2 Test of Hypothesis Two 87
CHAPTER
5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS87
5.1 Summary 89
5.2 Conclusion 92
5.3 Recommendations 100
References
Appendices
LIST OF TABLES
4.
I Distribution of the socio-economic
characteristics of the respondents
4.2 Farmers rating of effectiveness of WAAPP
in training and input delivery
4.3 Extent of adoption of technologies
disseminated by WAAPP programme
4.4
Effects of adoption of WAAPP
technologies on the respondents’ Yield
4.5 Effects
of adoption of WAAPP technologies on the respondents’ income
4.6 Constraints faced by the respondents in
the study area.
4.7 Simple regression estimates of the
relationship between adoption of WAAPP rice technologies and farmers yield
4.9 Simple regression estimates of the
relationship between adoption of WAAPP rice technologies and farmers income.
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Agricultural
development programmes and policies in Nigeria
2.2 Conceptual
framework adapted and modified after Abiodun (2006) and Ume (2008).
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
In Africa, agriculture records for
65% of employment and 35% of total national output (Gross domestic product).
However,poverty stays high in rural regions where larger piece of the populace
relies upon agriculture to bring home the bacon (Okwara and Amadi, 2008).
By raising farm incomes, generating employment and reducing food prices,
Ogunbayo (2006) asserted that agricultural growth can be a transformative tool
for poverty reduction. To accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
of eliminating hunger and poverty, Onajirinet
al., (2009), expressed that African countries need to prioritize
agriculture and rural development in their development agenda.
The West Africa Agricultural
Productivity Programme (WAAPP) is a World Bank collaborated Programme for
member-nations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS),
planned to make agriculture more productive and sustainable and alsoenhance
sub-regional incorporation (World Bank, 2013). According to Douglas
and Leen (2014), WAAPP strives to meet these goals by building a food system to
feed every West African. Created by the Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS), and financed partly by the World Bank, WAAPP is boosting
agricultural productivity and sustainability across 13 West African countries
to help build a food-secure future (World Bank, 2013).
In Nigeria, (FMA&RD, 2013),
highlighted that WAAPP works towards achieving its objective of increasing
agricultural productivity while promoting sub-regional integration along the
value chains of its selected commodities (aquaculture, cassava, maize; rice,
sorghum, yam, poultry and fruit processing); while adding the achievement of
the nation's Agricultural Transformation Agenda, this it does through four (4)
components, which are:
1.
enabling
conditions for sub-regional teamwork in technology generation, dissemination
and adoption;
- national Centre of Specialization and Excellence in
Aquaculture;
- funding of demand-driven technology generation and
adoption; and
- project coordination, management, monitoring and evaluation.
WAAPP is coordinated at the sub-regional level by the West
and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development
(CORAF/WECARD) (Nwaneri and Njoku, 2014).
In Nigeria, WAAPP is being carried out by Agricultural
Research Council of Nigeria of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development (FMA&RD) through a Project Coordination Office (PCO)
(FMA&RD, 2013). WAAPP-Nigeria became effective in January 2012 and the
first phase will close in 2016 (FMA&RD, 2013). Invariably, WAAPP is a
multi-year effort to transform West African agriculture by boosting
productivity and sustainability, reducing hunger and improving nutrition,
creating jobs and supporting collaboration across borders (Asionye, 2013). The
thirteen countries part-taking in WAAPP programme are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte
d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra
Leone and Togo (World Bank,2013).
The programmeas illustrated by Ola
and Abiodun (2014), aims to achieve 6% agricultural growth and increased food
production and availability in West Africa. WAAPP (2012), highlighted
that its scientists, researchers, extension workers strives to achieve its
mandate which include to:
1.
innovate, generate, disseminate and adopt
improved technologies;
- create enabling
conditions for regional cooperation;
- build human and institutional capacity across the
sub-region; and
- createyouth employment, engage women and adapt to
climate change.
ECOWAS and the African Union
provided agriculture and rural development frameworks for WAAPP (FAO, 2014). According
to Ali et al., (2014), National
Ministries of Agriculture and various producer organizations from participating
countries implement and coordinate the programme.WAAPP is revitalizing
agricultural science in West Africa by supporting the training of nearly
1000 scientists and establishing nine research centres of specialization around
key commodities (WAAPP, 2012).
At present, WAAPP has directly
benefited more than 6.1 million farmersincluding rice farmers), processors and
small businesses across the Region, 45% of who are women (Nwankwo, 2015). According
to FAO (2014), WAAPP is estimated to have boosted food production in West
Africa by more than 3 million tons and raised beneficiary incomes by an average
of 34%.Nwagbara and Onochie (2015) also highlighted that it hasdelivered around 160 climate-smart
crop varieties, technologies and techniques to approximately 5.7 million farmers covering 3.6 million
hectares in West Africa. These technologies have boosted productivity by up to
150% (WAAPP, 2014).
In Ghana, Mensah and Abel (2013)
expressed that WAAPP provided eggs, incubators, feed and vaccines to 80 guinea
fowl farmers to grow their operations. According to Manuel (2013), the
programme allows beneficiary farmers to support others in their communities.In 2015, WAAPP delivered 10,500 tons of seeds to up
to 200,000 farmers in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to boost
post-Ebola recovery (WAAPP, 2015), while
in Senegal, 14 high-yielding, early maturing and drought resistant dry cereal
varieties have been developed and are boosting productivity by at least 30% (FAO, 2015). According to Ibrahim and Dele
(2015), more than 423,000 Senegalese farmers have benefitted from the new
varieties and become more resilient to climate shocks.
In Nigeria, Guinea, Sierra Leone,
Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire, new saline-tolerant rice varieties, climate-smart
irrigation techniques and better soil fertility management helped more than 100,000 farmers
increase rice production
(Bola et a., 2014),
while Mensah and Abel (2013) expressed that WAAPP’s e-Agriculture Programme provides real-time advice to
farmers in Ghana through phone or online. To date, the programme has 120,000
subscribers and has logged 1.76 million calls on a variety of issues, from land
preparation to pest management (Mensah and Abel, 2013).
Throughout the region, Madumere and Nwaeke
(2014)asserted that WAAPP has supported nutrition improvements through school
feeding programmes, which incorporate many of the nutrient-rich, high-yielding
crops developed by WAAPP researchers, including cassava, millet and rice, while
Olaniran (2015) concluded that WAAPP revitalized agricultural science in West
Africa, Nigeria inclusive by supporting the training of nearly 1,000
agricultural research scientists, establishing research centres of specialization around key
commodities, and upgraded research infrastructures and finance laboratories,
equipments and activities.
But so far, much has not been known
about WAAPP’s activities as it affects rice producing farmers in Ebonyi State
Nigeria. Therefore this study focuses on the Effect of adoption of West African
Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP) technologies on Rice Farmer’s
Production in Ebonyi State Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The West African Agricultural
Productivity Programme (WAAPP) is sponsoring Nigeria’s agricultural research centres
on rice production so as to reach ricefarmers in the country in order for them
to overcome the problems they encounter on the course of their production (FMA&RD,
2013). The completion report for the first phase of WAAPP revealed that some of
therice farmers have been able to enhance their production by an average of 40%
and their revenues by 55% (WAAPP, 2013).
With the support of the programme, Ayorinde
(2015) also expressed that Nigeria is strengthening its rice production systems
as well as its research and technology transfer systems in order to provide
comprehensive support for the implementation of West African Agricultural
Productivity Programme (WAAPP). According to World Bank (2014), the integrated
sub-regional aspect of the programme, which constitutes one of the programme’s
biggest strengths, enables Nigeria to benefit from innovative technologies and
techniques in rice productiondeveloped in the other WAAPP beneficiary areas.Some
of these innovative techniques are the introduction of improved andmore
resilient rice varieties, improved rice cultivation methods/techniques, improvedagro-chemicals
for rice production (WAAPP, 2013). The WAAPP technologies have been disseminated
among the rice farmers through extension officers in Agricultural Development Programme
(ADP) of the state.
According to Ibrahim (2015), the newly introduced resilient rice varieties
allow rice farmers to maintain
production yields, especially when produce are in short supply in the
markets and command higher prices. Rice farmers in Nigeria also benefit from
training, study tours, knowledge exchanges between the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) stakeholders, and equipment prototypes during
exchange visits, all of which help strengthen their technical capacities (Kalu, 2015).
As the first phase of the project in
Nigeria concluded, the World Bank approved financing for a second phase totalling
$60 million (World Bank, 2015).The additional WAAPP financing will be used to
scale up the production, dissemination, and adoption of improved rice
technologies and assisting rice farmers in their production (Kola, 2015), but
the extentto which adoption of West African Agricultural Productivity Programme
(WAAPP)technologies in rice production has affectedrice farmersis yet unknown,
hence thisgap is what necessitated this study considering the fact that Ebonyi
State is one of the major rice producing states in Nigeria.
1.3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In conducting this study, the
following research questions were formulated to guide the study:
1. what
are the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents?;
2. what
is the extent of engagement of the respondent?;
3. what
is the extent of adoption of the technologies disseminated to the farmers by
WAAPP?;
4. towhat
extent has farmers adoption of WAAPP technologies increased their yield?;
5. to
what extent has farmers adoption of WAAPP technologies increased their income?;and
6.
what are the challenges faced by rice
farmers which limit their production in the study area?
1.4
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to determine the
Effect of adoption of West African Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP)
on Rice Farmers’ Production in Ebonyi State Nigeria. The specific objectives
were to:
1. describe
the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents;
2. determine
the effectiveness of WAAPP in training and input delivery;
3. determine
the extent of adoption of the technologies disseminated by WAAPP to the
respondent;
4. ascertain
the effect of adoption of WAAPP technologies on the respondents yield;
5. determine
the effect ofadoption ofWAAPP technologies on the respondents income;and
6. examinethe
challenges faced by the respondents which limit their production in the study
area.
1.5
HYPOTHESES
Ho1: There is no significant relationship
between adoption of WAAPP rice production technologies and farmers’ yield
Ho2: There is no significant
relationship between adoption of WAAPP rice technologies and farmers’ income.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This study is expected to add the following knowledge
to research:
First, it would provide first-hand
information on the activities of WAAPP in transferring improved rice technologies
to rice farmers and the challenges faced by ricefarmers in Ebonyi Statewhich
limit their production.
The study would reveal the extent to
which WAAPP has succeeded in improving rice production among the farmers
participating in the programme. It is equally expected that the effect of WAAPP
on yield and income of the farmers will help to determine how far the programme
has gone in making rice production more profitable
Finally, the findings of the study
would provide information that would help to improve service delivery of WAAPP .
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