ABSTRACT
This study investigated the cultivation, yield performance and nutritional composition of Hypsizygus ulmarius grown on agricultural waste from Musa sapientum (MS), M. paradisiaca (MP), M. accuminata (MA), MS+MP, MS+MA, MP+MA, MS+MP+MA carried out in the laboratory and mushroom house of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The completely randomized design was used. Statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out at 95% level of significant while NDMRT was used to separate the means. The result shows that MS+MA have the shortest fruiting time of 12 days while MP, MP+MA have the longest that took 14 days. The largest cap-size was obtained in MP while the smallest cap-size was in MA. The longest stipe length was produced by MS+MP while MS+MA have the shortest stipe. MP+MA substrates gave the highest biological yield while the least was recorded by MS+MA. Biological Efficiency was best at 76.58% produced by MP+MA and lowest at 56.48% by MS+MA. The proximate composition (%) results are as follow. Crude protein ranged from (15.76 + 0.11 – 22.13 + 0.32), fat (2.20 + 0.28 – 4.05 + 0.21), Fibre (17.60 + 0.28 – 22.40 + 0.28), Ash (11. 00 + 0.00 – 11.90 + 0.04), moisture (6.00 + 0.00 – 7.60 + 0.00), carbohydrates (37.83 + 0.39 – 43.63 ± 0.21). Vitamins composition (mg/100g) results are as follows: B1 (0.68 + =.00 – 0.91 + 0.16), B2 (0.38 +0.01 – 0.62 +. 0.00), B3 (0.78 + 0.00 – 2.84 + 0.71), A (4.81 + 0.23 – 8.70 + 0.00), C (4.4- + 0.00 – 7.30 + 0.14). The mineral composition(mg/100g) analysis showed that ranges Mg (104. 5a + 0.00 – 275. 60 + 0.57), Ca2+(285.81 + 0.87 – 348.29 + 0.00), P (124.80 + 0.00 – 201.90 + 0.14), Na+(5.82 + 0.11 – 10.44 + 0.30), K+ (372. 40 + 0.00 – 499.10 + 1.55), The phytochemical compositions are as follows: Tannin (0.56 + 0.00 - 0. 75 + 0.00)mg/kg, HCN – (0.01 + 0.00 – 0.05 + 0.00) mg/kg, Alkaloids (7.00 + 0.28 – 11.80 + 0.28)mg/kg, Steroids (0.36 + 0.00 – 1.11 + 0.03) mg/kg, Carotenoids (0.06 + 0.00 = 0.14 + 0.00) Saponins (2.83 + 0.11 – 4.30 + 0.28), Phenols (2.42 + 0.05 – 4.19 + 0.16). The heavy metals (ppm) results are as follows: lead (Pb) (0.15 + 0.00 – 0.18 + 0.00), Cd (0.10 + 0.00 – 0.16 + 0.01), Mn (1.79 + 0.04 – 2.56 + 0.04), Cu = 0.13 + 0.00 – 0.39 + 0.04), Hg contents were not defined. The results obtained indicate that H. ulmarius can be easily grown on the above mentioned substrates. Also it is also a good source of phytochemicals, proximate component and mineral nutrients needed for maintenance of good health. Also the heavy metals are in acceptable concentration levels. Thus H. ulmarius constipated on MS, MP, MA, MS+MP, MS+MA, MP+MA, MS+MP+MA are healthy and safe for human consumption. Also the substrates used for the growth of H. ulmarius are recommended for use by farmers and other people interested in mushroom cultivation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 2
1.2 Justification of the Study 3
1.3 Aim of the Study 3
1.4 Objectives of the
Study 4
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Elm Oyster ( Hypsizygus ulmarius) 5
2.2 Importance of Mushrooms
2.3 Medicinal Value of Mushrooms
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND
METHODS 20
3.1 Study
Area 20
3.2 Source
of Materials 20
3.3 Experimental
Design 20
3.4 Data
Collection 21
3.5 Proximate
Analysis 21
3.5.1 Determination
of moisture content 21
3.5.2 Determination
of protein content 22
3.5.3 Determination
of fat content 23
3.5.4 Determination
of crude fibre 24
3.5.5 Determination
of ash content 24
3.5.6 Determination
of carbohydrate 25
3.6 Determination
of Minerals Composition 25
3.6.1 Determination
of phosphorus contents 25
3.6.2 Determination
of calcium and magnesium 26
3.6.3 Determination
of sodium and potassium 27
3.7 Determination
of Vitamin Content 28
3.7.1 Determination
of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 28
3.7.2 Determination
of vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 28
3.7.3 Determination
of niacin 29
3.7.4 Determination
of vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 30
3.7.5 Determination
of vitamin A 30
3.8 Phytochemical
Analysis 31
3.8.1 Determination
of tannins 31
3.8.2 Determination
of phenols 32
3.8.3 Determination
of alkaloids 32
3.8.4 Determination
of flavonoids 33
3.8.5 Determination
of steroids 33
3.8.6 Determination
of saponin 34
3.8.7 Determination
of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 35
3.8.8 Determination
of carotenoids 35
3.9 Heavy
Metals 36
3.9.1 Determination
of lead, mercury, manganese and cadmium 36
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
4.1.1 Effects
of substrates on fruiting time 37
4.1.2 Effects
of substrates on cap size 39
4.1.3 Effects
of substrates on stipe length 41
4.1.4 Effects
of substrates on biological yield 43
4.1.5 Effects of
substrates on biological efficiency 45
4.1.6 Effects
of substrates on proximate composition 47
4.1.7 Effects
of substrates on vitamin composition 50
4.1.8 Effects
of substrates on mineral compositions 53
4.1.9 Effects
of substrates on heavy metal composition 56
4.1.10 Effects
of substrates on phytochemical compositions 59
4.2
Discussion 62
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation 69
References 70
LIST
OF TABLES
4.1: Effect of different substrate and
substrate combination on the proximate
composition
of H. ulmarius mushroom. 47
4.2: Effect
of different substrate and substrate combination on the vitamin
composition of H. ulmarius mushroom. 50
4.3: Effect
of different substrate and substrate combination on the mineral
composition of H. ulmarius mushroom. 53
4.4: Effect
of different substrate and substrate combination on the heavy metal
composition
of H. ulmarius mushroom. 56
4.5: Effect
of different substrate and substrate combination on the phytochemical
composition of H. ulmarius mushroom. 59
LIST OF FIGURES
4.1: Effect of substrates and substrates
combination on the fruiting time of
H.
ulmarius
mushroom. 37
4.2: Effect of substrates and substrates
combination on the cap size of
H.
ulmarius
mushroom. 39
4.3: Effect of substrates and substrates
combination on the stipe length of
H. ulmarius mushroom. 41
4.4: Effect of substrates and substrates
combination on the biological yield of
H. ulmarius mushroom. 43
4.5: Effect of substrates and substrates
combination on the biological efficiency
of H. ulmarius
mushroom. 45
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Mushroom is a common
term used mostly for the fruiting-bodies of macro-fungi of the Phylum
Basidiomycota and some species of Ascomycota. The fruiting-bodies represent just
a short reproductive stage in their lifecycle. The
vegetative part of mushroom consists of thin mycelia, which under favorable
conditions form fruiting bodies (Chadha and Sharma, 1995). The fruiting-body of
mushrooms consists of three parts, they are variously shaped fleshy upper
portion named cap or pileus, ridged portion called gills on the underside of
pileus, which bear spores and lower narrow long stalk or stipe which suspends
the pileus to the substratum. The natural habitats of mushrooms include logs of
wood; decomposing agro-wastes, decomposing animal wastes, and soil where they
get their nutrients through external digestion and absorption by the mycelium.
There are edible and non-edible mushrooms and the two categories possess
nutritional and medicinal values.
The biological role of
the mushrooms for the fungus is the production and dissemination of spores
(Chang and Miles, 1993), which germinate to form a mass of mycelium. Mushrooms start appearing from the beginning of the rainy season,
where they are found growing on deeply decomposed organic matter and sometimes
on the soil.
Mushroom
cultivation is a profitable agri-business. The technology of artificial
mushroom cultivation is a recent innovation, which is obtained from the
awareness that the incorporation of non-conventional crops in the present
agricultural systems can help in improving the social as well as the economic
status of humans Oyster mushroom is one of the most popular
types of mushroom cultivated commercially. Mushroom substrate could be defined
as some kind of lignocellulose rich materials which supports the growth,
development and fruiting of mushroom (Chang and Miles, 1988). They substrate
materials used for mushroom production are usually by-products from industries,
households, agriculture etc., and are usually considered as wastes (Okwulehie
and Okwujiako, 2008).
However,
these wastes products are actually resources in the wrong place at a particular
time and mushroom cultivation can harness them for its own advantage (Chang,
2013). Sawdust is one of the commonest substrate used for the cultivation of
mushrooms. Sawdusts are the particles or powder produced by the sawing of
timber of trees. Different substrates are used in each region depending on
their availability (Cohen et al.,
2002).
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Nigeria and other developing countries of the world, tones
of agricultural and domestic waste are generated annually which are of no
economic value except when properly integrated into the soil which helps to
improve the soil fertility, otherwise they constitute environmental nuisance
during biodegradation. (Fasidi and Kadiri, (1993); Kadiri, (1999); Banjo,
(2002).
Mushrooms are cultivated directly or indirectly on
agricultural waste products or compost. This is one of the most hygienic
processes to recycle agro-wastes. The positive effects of such cultivation outweigh
the environmental pollution caused by the presence of this waste in our
environment (Kovfeen, 1980). Equally according to Madan et al. (1987), production of edible mushrooms with agricultural
waste such as rice, wheat, corn straw, corn cob, etc. is a value-added process
to convert these materials which are otherwise considered to be waste into
human food.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Mushrooms are grown for their culinary value, income
generation, medicinal values, ability to act as bioremediators and agricultural
waste utilizers (Odero, 2009). Mushroom cultivation is labor intensive and,
therefore, creates employment. These attributes make mushroom cultivation ideal
for Nigeria where employment creation, improvement of nutrition level and
income generation is a priority. Agricultural wastes are rich in
lignocellulosic components which are difficult to breakdown naturally, but can
effectively be degraded by mushrooms, which uses the components to build up
their body mass. The bioconversion of agricultural wastes into a value added
products is a good means of disposure (Bonatti et al., 2004: Tan and Wahab, 1997). The ability of edible mushroom
fungi to convert complex organic compounds into simpler ones is a means of
transforming the useless agricultural waste into valuable product (Jain and
Vyas, 2003). Agricultural wastes provide the opportunity for cost effective
farming. Even after being used for mushroom cultivation, it can also be used
later on as manure for agricultural field as the nutrient contents are at
acceptable range. Cultivation of mushroom on residual agricultural wastes is
one of the most eco-friendly practices to fight the malnutrition and
environmental pollution caused by these wastes. It therefore represents one of
the most efficient biological ways by which these residues can be
recycled.
1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY
In view of Hypsizygus ulmarius unpopularity especially in Nigeria, this study
is designed to investigate the cultivation and yield performance of Hypsizygus ulmarius on agricultural
waste from the Musa paradisiaca, Musa
sapientum and Musa accuminata so
as to recommend the best substrate to the farmers for use in the domestication
of the mushroom and the production of quality and quantity fruit-bodies of
same.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
specific objectives of the study are:
i.
To produce H. ulmarius fruit-bodies and domesticate the mushroom in Abia state
and its environs.
ii.
To determine the effectiveness
of growing H. ulmarius on the dried
midrib of the leaves of Musa paradisiaca,
M. sapientum and M. accuminata.
iii.
To determine the effect of the
substrate used on the proximate and phytochemical composition of the
fruit-bodies.
iv.
To determine the effect of the
substrate used on the vitamins and mineral composition of the fruit-bodies.
v.
To determine the best substrate
combination that is suitable for the production of the best quality and
quantity of fruit-bodies.
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