COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF SOME DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS ON PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

ABSTRACT

Antiseptics  and Disinfectants are chemicals used extensively in hospitals, other health care centres and in homes to control the growth of microorganisms on  living tissues and inanimate objects respectively. This study compared the efficacy of two disinfectants (HYPO and Ivy) and two antiseptics (Iodine and Carex sanitizer) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .The disk diffusion method and Rideal Walker Phenol   coefficient  test were used. For the antiseptics , Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to Iodine(18) and was not susceptible to Carex sanitizer.  For the test disinfectants, Staphylococcus aureus   was less susceptible to Ivy (24) and more susceptible Hypo . For the antiseptics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it was more susceptible to Iodine   and less susceptible to Carex sanitizer. The disinfectants against Pseudomonas   aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa  was more susceptible to Hypo and was resistant to Ivy. The phenol coefficient of the test antiseptics against Staphylococcus aureus  ranged from 5-6 . Carex sanitizer had the highest with 6. While Iodine had the least with 5.for the test disinfectants the phenol coefficient ranged from 6-7. Ivy had the least  with 6 while Hypo had the highest with 7.For Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the phenol coefficient of the test antiseptics ranged from 5.3 to 6.3.Iodine  had the least with 5.3 while Carex sanitizer had the highest with 6.3.For the test disinfectants, the phenol coefficient was 7.4 for both Hypo and Ivy. Thus for the phenol coefficient test, all the disinfectants and antiseptics showed strong bactericidal effect against the organisms. While for the disk diffusion, the   result showed that Hypo had the strongest bactericidal effect   while Carex sanitizer had the least bactericidal effect .The study concluded that Hypo should be used in our daily disinfection.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                   i

Certification                                                                                                              ii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                   iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                      v

List of Tables                                                                                                 vi

List of Figures                                                                                               vii

List of Plates                                                                                                  viii

Abstract                                                                                                                     ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                  1

1.1       Aims and Objectives                                                                                      4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review                                                                                         5

2.1       History of Disinfectants                                                                                6

2.2       Disinfectants and antiseptics                                                                                  6

2.3       Types of Disinfectants                                                                                  7

2.4       Sources of contamination                                                                               13

2.5       Properties of A Disinfectant                                                                                   13

2.6       General Features of Disinfectant                                                                13

2,7       Factors influencing the efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics                    14

2.8       Neutralizers                                                                                                      15

2.9       General Features of the Test Organisms                                                     15

2.10     Mechanism of Actions of Disinfectants against Bacteria                           16

2.11     Resistant Action of Bacteria                                                                       16

2.12Pseudomonas sensitivity to antimicromial agents                                        17

2.13Staphylococcus sensitivity to antimicromial agents                                      17

2.14     Advantages and Disadvantages of Disinfectants                                       17

2.15     General Guidelines in the Use of Disinfectants                                          18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Material and Method                                                                                              20

3.1       Collection of samples                                                                                                20

3.2       Collection of test Organisms                                                                                    20

3.3       Rideal Walker phenol coefficient test                                                         20

3.4       Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing                                                                      20

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS                                                                                                      22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion                                                                                                      39

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                     42

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                        41

References    

List of Tables

Table                           Title                                                         Page

1    Results of the diameter of zone of inhibition of  Test disinfectants on  Staphylococcus aureus  23    

2    Results of the diameter of zone of inhibition of the test disinfectants on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.   24   

3 Bactericidal efficiency of phenol against staphylococcus aureus             27

4      Bactercidal efficacy of Ivy against Staphylococcus aureus   28

5 Bactericidal efficacy of Hypo against staphylococcus aureus          29

6          Bactericidal efficacy of iodine against Staphylococcus aureus         30

7  Bactericidal efficacy of Sanitizer against Staphyloccusaureus               31

8  Phenol Coefficient of Test Disinfectant                                           32

9Bactericidal efficiency of phenol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa    33

10Bactericidal efficacy of  Ivy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa               34

11. Bactericidal efficacy of Hypo against Pseudomonas aeruginosa           35

12 Bactericidal efficacy of Iodine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa            36

13 Bactericidal efficacy of Sanitizer against Pseudomonas aeruginosa         37

14  Phenol coefficient of disinfectants 38

                                                     List of Figures

Fig                          Title                                                       Page

1.  Staphylococcus responseto test disinfectants and antiseptics     25

2.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa response to test disinfectants and antiseptics    26

CHAPTER ONE

1.0. Introduction

Disinfectants are substances that are applied to inanimate surfaces and objects to destroy harmful microorganisms, although they may not kill bacteria spores, and they are categorized by their spectrum of microbial activity. According to (Kennedy and Bek,1998).They are chemicals used to inhibit or prevent the growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects usually disinfectants are “cidal” in action in that they kill susceptible potential pathogenic microbes.Disinfectants used in hospitals, industries, laboratories and in the homes must be tested periodically to ascertain their potency validation which is defined as establishing documented evidence that a disinfection process willconsistently remove or inactivate known or possible pathogens from inanimate objects (Sridhar, 2012).Disinfectants are used extensively in the homes, healthcare settings, laboratories and industries for a variety of topical and hard surface application particularly as an essential component of infection control practice and aids in prevention of other infections ( Guimaraeset al,2000).Although microbiologists have been working for more than a century on the

problems associated with disinfection, understanding of the mode of action of active molecules remains vague: numerous hypotheses exist but few certainties. Many authorshave long maintained that disinfectants and antiseptics act in a non-specific manner, incontrast to antibiotics which have distinct cellular targets within the microorganism.Although many studies still need to be performed in this field, it is clear that thisdistinction cannot be made for some molecules.The term control of microorganisms refers to the reduction in number or activity of the total microbial food. The reason for controlling microorganisms are as follows to prevent contamination by the growth of undesirable microorganism, to prevent deterioration and spoilage of materials by microorganisms (Pelezaret al 2006).Microorganisms are minute living things that are two small to be seen with the unaided eyes (Tortoraet al, 2007) Before the discovery of microorganisms, thousands of people died in devasting epidemics,this pushed scientist to seek how to control microbial growth (Johnson and Case, 1995).some examples of microbes are bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa (Tortoraet al, 2007).

In the mid­-1800s, the Hungarian physicians IgnazSemmeliveis and English Physicians Joseph Lister used these thoughts to develop some of the first microbial control practices for medical procedures. Some practices that have been employed in the control of microbes is hand washing. Chloride of lime and use of techniques (Hamamah, 2004).Scientists have fought tirelessly to develop a variety of methods to control microbial growth this includes physical and chemical methods.The control directed at destroying harmful microorganisms is called Disinfection. It refers to the destruction of vegetative pathogens. When the treatment is directed at living tissues, it is called Antisepsis (Ryan and Ray, 2004).The categorization of commercially available detergents into disinfectants and antiseptics as been ergonomically crucial in determining antimicrobial, antifungal and antiinflammatory propensities and efficiency across a wide spectrum of pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms (Tiralet al, 2013).Antiseptics and disinfectants have been found useful in many hospitals, clinics, homes and laboratories either as chemical agents to disinfect inanimate objects like cleaning of floors, disinfection of water and surgical instruments (Onaolapo, 2001).

   Disinfectants are toxic not only for microbial pathogens but for host cells as well and because of this, they can only be used to inactivate microorganisms in the inanimate environment or to a limited extent, on skin surfaces but cannot be administered systemically (WHO, 2003).The mode of action of disinfectants is though to be liked to destruction of proteins, lipids or nucleic acids .In the cells or its cytoplasmic membrane, although microorganisms differ in their sensitivity to chemical germicide (Tortoraet al, 2004).Disinfectants can be divided into alkylating, Sulfhydryl combining,oxidizing, dehydrating and permeable (larson and Morton, 1991).It is established that disinfectant and antiseptic antimicrobial products contain, as reported, approximately 300 different active ingredients and are marketed in a myriad of formulations, including sprays, liquids,gels, concentrated powders(Rutalaet al, 2000).It is restinated that consumers both domestic and international spread alot of money each year in a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics products. (Lim and Ting, 2012).Many consumers actually wonder about the products, they purchase  and whether the products are safe and effective (Entoyen and Tollen, 2005).

Pseudomonas aeruginosais an important opportunistic pathology, it is one of the causes of nosocomial infection in immunodeficient patients (Lycsaket al, 2000).

Infections by this microorganism is very difficult to treat because of its virulence, intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance. This limit the choice for effective antimicrobial agents ( Zavasckiet al, 2005).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is studied for its high incidence and extraordinary potential to form biofilms in clinical equipment, medical devices and wounds (Hill et al, 2010).

Staphylococcus aureus occur in 40 - 50% of humans.In this study the efficacy of some disinfectants and antiseptics on Pseudomonas aeruginisa and Staphylococcus aureus is studied.

1.2. Aims and objectives

To find out the concentration of disinfectants that will be effective in Gram position Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

To investigate the difference of sterilizing pathern

To compare the efficacy of the different test disinfectants on the test organisms.

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