ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the isolation and characterization of microorganisms involved in wood degradation. A total of six bacterial and four fungal isolates were found to be responsible for the deterioration of used and unused wood samples. These microorganisms were isolated using the streak plate technique. The bacteria species isolated and identified using morphological and biochemical characterization included; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aurues, Klebsiella species, Serratia species, Citrobacter species, and Bacillus species, while the fungi species are Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumugatus, Mucor alternaria and Rhodotorula spp. Amongst the five (5) used wood samples, Ash wood (used) had the highest bacteria count at 7.6x1011while among the unused wood samples Beach wood (unused) was recorded to have the highest bacteria count at 7.3x1011 and Fibreboard (unused) having the least fungi count at 3.5 x1011. It was also observed that Escherichia coli is the most frequently occurring isolates with a high percentage occurrence of (20.0% and (22.2%) respectively, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.0%) and (16.6%). The occurrence of Escherichia coli is usually associated with faecal matter and also affirmed poor hygiene in the area. Among the fungal isolates, Aspergillus niger (8.3 %), (16.6%) was the most predominant and frequently occurring isolates on both wood types. The extracellular enzymes activities for isolate revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp and Citrobacter species were found to exhibit the highest enzymes production. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the bacterial mean count of the wood samples at P< 0.05, while no significant was recorded on fungal meant count of the wood samples.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Aim
and Objectives 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
2.1 Wood and its Component 2
2.1.1 Cellulose 2
2.1.2 Hemicellulose 3
2.1.3 Lignin 3
2.2 TYPES OF WOOD 4
2.2.1 Beech Wood 4
2.2.2 Ash Wood 5
2.2.3 Fibreboard 5
2.2.4 Plywood 5
2.2.3 Veneer 5
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD 6
2.3.1 Hardwoods 6
2.3.1.1 Maple 6
2.3.1.2 Mahogany 7
2.3.1.3 Cherry 7
2.3.1.4 Walnut 8
2.3.2 Softwoods 8
2.3.2.1 Pine 8
2.3.2.2 Ash 8
2.3.2.3 Birch 9
2.3.2.3 Cedar 9
2.3.2.4 Redwood 9
2.3.2.4 Hemlock 10
2.4 WHERE
WOODS CAN BE FOUND IN NIGERIA 10
2.4.1 The
Makoko-Oko Baba Wood Market 10
2.4.2
The Umuahia Modern Timber Market 11
2.5 Degradation
of Wood by Fungi 11
2.5.1 White-rot
Fungi 12
2.5.2 Brown-Rot
Fungi 12
2.6 Microbial Colonization of Wood 13
2.7 Diversity of Bacterial Communities in
Wood 14
2.7.1 Edaphic and Atmospheric Sources of Bacteria 15
2.7.2 Bacterial Endophytes 16
2.8 Bacterial Nitrogen Fixation in Wood 16
2.9 Bacterial Wood Decomposition 18
2.10 Isolation and Characterization of
Microorganisms Involved in
Degradation of Wood Waste 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 21
3.1 Study Area 21
3.2 Collection of Samples 21
3.3 Sterilization of Materials 21
3.4 Preparation of Culture Media 22
3.5 Isolation of Hydrolytic Microorganisms from
Wood Chips 22
3.6 Screening of Hydrolytic Enzyme-Producing
Microorganisms from Wood Chips 22
3.7 Identification of the Isolates 23
3.8 Gram Staining 23
3.9 Biochemical Test 24
3.9.1 Catalase Test 24
3.9.2 Indole Test 24
3.9.3 Citrate Utilization Test 24
3.9.4 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Production Test 24
3.9.5 Starch Hydrolysis 25
3.9.6 Motility, Indole, Urease (MIU) 25
3.9.7 Coagulase Test 26
3.9.8 Oxidase Test 26
3.10 Identification of Fungal Isolates 26
3.10.1 Wet
Preparation 26
3.10.2 Colonial
Morphology 26
3.11 Qualitative Screening for Extracellular
Enzyme Producing Isolate by Plate Assay 26
3.11.1 Purification of Isolate 26
3.11.2 Production
of Xylanase Enzyme 28
3.11.3 Production of Amylases Enzyme 28
3.11.4 Production of Cellulases Enzyme 28
3.12 Statistical
Analysis 28
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 29
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 42
5.1 Discussion 42
5.2 Conclusion 44
5.3 Recommendation 45
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
LIST OF TABLES
|
S/N
|
TITLE
|
PAGE
NO
|
|
1
|
Viable Microbial Counts from Deteriorating
Wood Samples
|
31
|
|
2
|
Morphological Identification of Bacterial Isolates from Deteriorating
Wood Samples
|
32
|
|
3
|
Cultural
Morphology and Microscopic Characteristics Fungal Isolates from Deteriorating
Wood Samples
|
33
|
|
4
|
Biochemical Identification, Gram
Reaction and Sugar Utilization Profile of Bacterial Isolates
|
34
|
|
5
|
Percentage of Occurrence of Isolates from Deteriorating Used Wood
Samples
|
35
|
|
6
|
Percentage of Occurrence of Isolates from Deteriorating Unused Wood
Samples
|
36
|
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Globally, fallen wood stores more than 73
billion tonnes of carbon (Pan et al., 2011) and provides habitat for a
wide range of saproxylic (i.e. dead wood-inhabiting) organisms (Stokland et al., 2012). Understanding the rate,
mechanisms and control of wood decomposition is of major ecological and
economic importance, and the key to doing so lies in understanding the
microbial communities that effect and regulate decomposition. Fungi are the
dominant agents of wood decomposition, but it has long been known that bacteria
also inhabit dead wood. There are indications of great bacterial diversity
within wood (Hoppe et al., 2015), but bacteria are very poorly
understood compared with fungi in the same environment. Wherever bacteria and
fungi co-occur, they must interact with and influence each other, yet, although
wood decay fungi are well known for being highly competitive, relatively little
attention has been paid to the fungus– bacteria relationship (de Boer et
al., 2005). Fungal–bacterial interactions have already been studied in
other contexts for their importance in medicine, agriculture, and food and
drink (Frey-Klett et al., 2011), but have been explored far less with
respect to decomposition. The suite of bacteria that surrounds and interacts
with a fungus effectively constitutes its microbiome, and as such, they must be
considered together.
1.2 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
To characterize
and identify microorganisms involved in wood degradation, while the specific
objectives are;
·
To isolate and identify various microorganisms
present in different wood samples
·
To determine the physico-chemical
characteristics of different woods
·
To determine the factors that promotes the
growth of microorganisms on the samples
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