BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF DIFFERENT POULTRY FEEDS IN UMUAHIA METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to isolate of microorganisms associated with different poultry feeds in Umuahia Metropolis. A total of thirty-six (36) feed samples were collected from different feed types (starter, grower, finisher and layers feed) and five (5) different organisms were isolated which include; Salmonella sp 13(33.3), Staphylococcus aureus 10(25.6%), Bacillus spp 7(17.9%), Proteus sp 4(10.3) and Escherichia coli 5(12.8%). Salmonella sp was the most frequently isolated organism as it has the highest percentage of occurrence, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.6%), Bacillus sp (17.9%), Escherichia coli (12.8%) and Proteus sp (10.3%). The viable counts of samples tested indicated that feed samples from rainbow feed were mostly loaded with bacteria (8.7x106 cfu/g of feed, in average), followed by samples from vital feed (5.9 x106 cfu/g of feed, in average) and the least loaded were those from top feeds (5.0 x106 cfu/g of feed, in average). Sensitivity test was carried out and most of the isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin (30µg), followed by gentamicin (10µg), imipinem (25µg), Nitrofurantoin (30µg) and resistant to Augmentin (30µg), Cefexime (30µg), cefotaxime (30µg) and Cefuroxime (30µg). From the result of this study, it is necessary to evaluate a feed safety by bacteriological examination of imported poultry feed to ensure safety and quality of feed to prevent poultry diseases and great economic losses.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

The safety and quality of poultry feeds are great subject in developed countries, that feed safety is an essential requirement for all animals. Unsafe feed may also causes great economic losses because of destroying an infected flock of birds (Watkins et al., 2003) There is a proof that poultry feed is often infected with food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Type of feed processing and storage conditions are the factors that have an effect on the population levels and types of micro-organisms in the feed. Since long time has been known that infections agents can be transmitted to animals through feed contamination, as example, that non-Typhi serotype of S. enterica could be transmitted to chicken through feed contamination by feces of infected rodents. Poultry feed which is exposed to feces of animals became a reason of human infection through chicken consumption (Jones, 2011). Poultry feed may contain numerous micro-flora that are obtained from more than one environmental sources such as dust, soil and insects. Material of poultry feed may be inoculated with pathogens during growing, harvesting, processing and storage of feed.

Poultry feeds infection with a pathogenic microorganism occur during processing, by handling, mixing of ingredients and exposing the raw materials and finished products. Therefore, poultry diseases and death occur as a result of consumption of contaminated feed (Ashida et al., 2011).

The world consumption of poultry products, namely meat and eggs, is remarkably increasing with increase in number of people, and this is because of good quality and effective price. The wide spread of human consumption of poultry meat and eggs necessitates the control of microbial contamination.

The safety of poultry products raises the importance of efforts that should be exerted towards evaluation and detection of microbial hazard, which represents a great risk to the consumer. Poultry feed is considered as one of the important sources of contamination of poultry products (Brown et al., 2001). The safety and quality of poultry feeds are currently of major concern in developed counties, that safety of feed is a fundamental requirement for all birds. Unsafe feed may lead to great economic losses in case of destroying an infected flock of birds.

The world feed manufacture and stock industries have faced severe food safety issues throughout the last two decades such as the outbreak of bovine encephalopathy (BSE) and Belgium dioxin crisis, which occurred in 1999 due to contaminated fat supplied to stock feed manufacture (Brown et al., 2001). These incidents showed the importance of feed safety in ensuring the safety of human food. One of the major areas of concern in the bacterial contamination of poultry feed come from the stock feed, raw materials and farms (Sakazaki, 2000).

There has been an increased focus on food as source of bacterial contamination of livestock production units, and there are standard measures that every feed factory or industry should follow and produce high quality, efficiency and pathogen-free feed. Industry must accept greater share of responsibility for the quality and safety of poultry feed production (Borland, 2000). approaches had been made to reduce the contamination of poultry materials as well as the finished product, with some invasive Salmonella, the most important cause of infection in poultry (Borland, 2000). Non-typhi serotype of Salmonella enterica was reported in US poultry feed as early as 1948. Studies from around the world have documented the presence of S. enterica in a wide variety of animal feeds (Kidd et al., 2002).

Several other microorganisms such as Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp. E. coli, Campylobacter and Clostridium perfringens can contaminate poultry feeds either from feed ingredients, through farms’ workers, equipment, air, handling, used bags or raw materials. There is a considerable evidence that poultry feed is frequently contaminated with food-borne bacterial pathogens Risk assessment data for most poultry-borne hazards are lacking, however, these types of data are essential in developing food safety strategies. There is a need to evaluate poultry production, processing, handling, and preparation procedures to determine their impact on the risk of food-borne illness. Fully understanding the hazards associated with poultry consumption is the key to develop effective sampling, detection, and identification methods, that in turn can be utilized to design control strategies (Parkhill, 2001).

1.1       AIMS OF STUDY

The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify the microorganisms associated with the contamination of different poultry feeds.

1.2       OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

·       To isolate and characterize the bacteria present in the different feed samples.

·       To determine the percentage occurrence of the isolates

·       To determine the antibiotics sensitivity testing of the isolates from the various feed samples.

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