ABSTRACT
Several studies of the human environment have demonstrated colonization and contamination of objects such as door handles, faucets, phones, money, fabrics, and plastics. This study therefore was to evaluate the bacterial diversity and degree of contamination obtainable on the ATM buttons as money is being collected. The study area was conducted in various Banks in Umuahia metropolis. A total number of sixty-eight (68) samples were collected from 14 different banks in Umuahia metropolis and 9 different organisms were isolated which include- E.coli(26.47%), S.aureus(17.64%), Bacillus spp(4.90%), Klebsiella spp(6.86%), Proteus spp(8.82%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(9.80%), Streptococcus spp(13.72%), Salmonella spp(4.90%) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus(6.86%). The result of the study reveals that high levels of bacterial contamination were detected on ATM hardware user interface. Recommendation includes the use of hand sanitizers, increased sanitary measures and strict adherence to washing hands regularly.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background
Studies 3
1.2 Aim 3
1.3 Objectives 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Bacteria Contaminants Associated With
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) 8
2.1.1 Escherichia coli 9
2.1.2 Proteus spp 10
2.1.3 Klebsiella spp 10
2.1.4 Staphylococcus aureus 11
2.1.5 Streptococcus spp 11
2.1.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12
2.1.7 Bacillus spp 12
2.2 The Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene in
Reducing the Risk of Infection 13
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 15
3.1 Study Area 15
3.2 Collection
of Samples 15
3.3 Preparation
of Culture Media 15
3.4 Bacterial
Inoculation and Isolation 16
3.5 Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing 16
3.6 Characterization
and Idenfication Organism 16
3.7 Gram
Staining 16
3.8 Biochemical
Tests 17
3.8.1 Catalase
Test 17
3.8.2 Coagulase
Test 17
3.8.3 Citrate
Utilization Test 17
3.8.4 Motility,
Indole Urease (MIU) Test 18
3.8.5 Triple
Sugar Iron (TSI) Test 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 20
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
31
5.1 Conclusion 33
5.2 Recommendation 34
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Page
1 Types of Bacteria Isolates Obtained
from Various Banks 22
2 Bacterial Diversity and Degree of
Contamination of user Hardware
Interface in Various Banks
23
3 Differentiation of Isolates from Study
by Gram Staining 25
4 Morphological Identification of
Isolates 26
5
Biochemical Identification of
Isolates 27
6 Percentage of Occurrence of Isolates
in Various Banks 28
7 Antibiotics Susceptibility of the
Bacterial Isolates from Various
ATM
Machine in Umuahia Metropolis. 29
8 Assessment of Bacterial Count from
Various Bank of Each ATM Buttons 30
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Bacteria Isolates from First Bank 39
2 Bacteria Isolates from Eco Bank and
Zenith Bank 39
3 Bacteria Isolates from Microfinance
Bank and UBA 39
4 Bacteria Isolates from Access Bank 39
5 Bacteria Isolates from Diamond
Bank 40
6 Antibiotics Susceptibility Test 40
7
Bacteria Isolates from Fidelity
Bank 40
8 Bacteria Isolates from Keystone
Bank 40
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
presence of viable pathogenic bacteria on inanimate objects is a matter of
significance. Several studies of the human environment have demonstrated colonization
and contamination of objects such as door handles, faucets, phones, money,
fabrics and plastics (Bures et al.,
2001). People come into daily contact with all sorts of fomites, with an
increasing rate of bacteria infection (Eguia et al., 2003). Human beings have a marked tendency to pick up microorganisms
from environmental objects and the hand has shown to play a role in the transmission
of organisms has been reported as a potential vehicle for their transmission
(Neely and Maley, 2000; Fraser et al.,
2009; Gholemreza et al., 2009).
Furthermore, microorganisms found to contaminate fomites have also been shown
to persist on environmental surfaces for varying period of time ranging from
hours to months ant it has also been illustrated that they can still be
detected and recovered from surfaces after routine conventional cleaning
(French et al., 2004). In addition,
cross infection of microorganisms between environmental surfaces and a host has
equally been established (Hardly et al.,
2006). The ability of plastics and other inanimate objects to support viable
microorganisms for a prolonged period of time is well documented (Stuart et al., 2006) and such environmental
surfaces and objects, especially those in close proximity with persons and
frequently touched, pose a threat to human health and are a cause for concern.
One such inanimate object in the environment that is currently in frequent
contact with the hands is the interface of a computer system or an Automated
Teller Machine (ATM).
Bacteria
that can cause severe gastroenteritis have been found on ATM machine
keypads/buttons. (Roxyburgh et al.,
2005) demonstrate that germs can be readily transferred from your hands to
almost any frequently used surface. The role of fomites in the transmission of
disease remains a controversial subject. Some epidemiological studies have
suggests that contaminated surfaces may play a role in the spread of
respiratory viruses and laboratory studies have reported this hypothesis (Hendley
et al., 1973; Reed et al., 1975; Hall et al., 1980). Other studies have implicated emvironmental surfaces
in the transmission of bacteria ( Bures et
al., 2000; Ekanem et al., 1983; Manning
et al., 2001). However, the role of
environmental surfaces in the transmission of disease remains an issue of
scientific debate and fundamental reformation concerning the microbial transfer
rates from environmental surfaces to the hands and from the hands to the mouth
remains scarce.
Accordingly,
these may be additional reservoirs for the transmission of microorganisms and
become vehicles for cross contamination. Disinfection of surfaces is necessary
to prevent infections from transient surfaces especially surfaces that the hand
comes in contact with mostly and frequently.
Dr.
Richard Hastings, the Microbiologist for Bio Cote, a built-in antibacterial
product coating said. ‘We are surprised by our results because the ATM machines
were shown to be heavily contaminated with bacteria: to the same level as
nearby public lavatories”. Many factors have been shown to influence the
bacteria transfers between surfaces, including the sources and destination
surface feature, bacteria species involved, moisture levels, pressure and
friction between the contact surfaces and Inoculum size on surfaces (Rusin et al., 2002) also showed that snacks
eaten with the finger can easily be cross contaminated by bacteria from the
hands after handling dirty notes. It has also be shown that, microbes once
attached to hands and to some surfaces may survive for a while and may be
difficult to remove (Hood et al.,
1997; Filho et al., 1987). However,
personal hygiene and good hand washing technique have been found to be an
effective method of preventing the transmission of pathogens through fomites
such as ATM machine. Our study majorly depends upon the microbial assessments
on ATMs. Swabs samples from ATM buttons surface were collected from various
Banks in Umuahia metropolis.
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDIES
Hand
contact surfaces on ATM machine including ATM buttons are heavily contaminated
with microbes of faecal origin. Most times even where hand washing occurs after
toilet use, tap handles and the door handles can re-contaminate the hands.
These fomites are found to be of tremendous transmission of pathogens from the
gastrointestinal tract.
1.2 AIM
·
To evaluate the presence
or absence of pathogenic bacteria on various ATM machine buttons from different
banks in Umuahia metropolis.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
Ø To
determine various types and frequency of bacterial isolates on ATM machine
Ø To
determine their antibiotics susceptibility of bacterial isolates from various
ATM machine in umuahia metropolis.
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