Abstract
This study assesses the suitability of solid waste dumpsites in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area (LGA), Jigawa State, Nigeria, using land-use and land-cover (LULC) analysis in line with the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) site selection criteria. The major land-use types identified were built-up areas (4.9%), water bodies (9.03%), vegetation (28.05%), and bare land (58%). The findings revealed that bare land, which occupies the largest proportion of the total area, is the most suitable for dumpsite establishment due to its sparse population, low agricultural value, and minimal environmental sensitivity. Conversely, built-up areas and water bodies were considered unsuitable because of potential pollution and health risks, while vegetation areas were moderately suitable but should be preserved to maintain ecological balance. The discussion and suitability analysis indicated that the central and southern parts of Birnin Kudu LGA offer the best locations for waste disposal, as they comply with NESREA guidelines regarding distance from settlements and water sources. The study concluded that effective dumpsite selection, guided by environmental standards and spatial analysis, is vital for sustainable waste management. It recommends relocation of unsuitable dumpsites, adoption of GIS-based planning, and regular environmental monitoring to prevent pollution and enhance public health.
Keywords: Solid waste management, GIS, NESREA, dumpsite suitability, Birnin Kudu, land-use classification, environmental sustainability
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Pages
Cover Page - - - - - - - - - - -i
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - -ii
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - -iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - -iv
Approval Page - - - - - - - - - -v
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - -vi
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - -vii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - -ix
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - -x
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - -xi
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - - -1
1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - -2
1.3 Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - -3
1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - - - -3
1.5 Scope and Limitations - - - - - - - - -4
1.6 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - -4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Concept of Water - - - - - - - - - -5
2.2 Municipal Solid Waste - - - - - - - - -5
2.3 Effects of Inadequate Waste Disposal - - - - - - -7
2.4 The Concept of Dumpsites - - - - - - - -9
2.5 Criteria for Site Selection - - - - - - - - -10
2.6 GIS as a Technique for Environmental Management - - - - -12
2.7 Review of Related Literature - - - - - - - -14
2.8 Gap
in Knowledge - - - - - - - - -15
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - -17
3.1 Description of the study area - - - - - - - - -17
3.2 Methodology - - - - - - - - - -20
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - -24
4.1 Results - - - - - - - - - - -24
4.2 Discussion - - - - - - - - - -35
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - -37
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - -37
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - - -38
5.4 Suggestions
for Further Studies - - - - - - - -39
References - - - - - - - - - -40
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Land Use/Land
Cover of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - - -25
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure
1: Land-Use/Land Cover of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - - -24
Figure
2: Roads Network of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - - - -29
Figure
3: Reclassified Land Use Land Cover of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - -30
Figure
4: Water Depth Table of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - - - -31
Figure
5: Rivers Network of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - - - -32
Figure
6: Soil Map of Birnin Kudu LGA - - - - - - -33
Figure
7: Suitable Analysis for Waste Dumpsite in Birnin Kudu LGA - - -34
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Solid waste comprises discarded materials such as garbage, refuse,
and abandoned items, and it is commonly classified based on its source. Major
categories include municipal solid waste, healthcare waste, and electronic
waste, (Chatterjee & Mazumder, 2019). Municipal solid waste (MSW) is
largely composed of discarded materials from households, businesses, and
institutions, including food scraps, paper, plastics, glass, textiles, and
wood. Globally, waste generation has been rising significantly, driven by rapid
population growth, industrial expansion, and ongoing socio-economic
development, all of which contribute to the production of vast quantities of
waste (Chatterjee & Mazumder, 2019). Effective waste management plays a
vital role in safeguarding public health and maintaining environmental
sanitation. The quantity of waste generated in a particular area is often a
direct reflection of the scale and intensity of human activities, making it an
important indicator of urban growth and lifestyle patterns (Alfaridho Ibnu et
al., 2025).
In 2020, global solid waste generation was estimated at 2.24
billion tonnes, equivalent to about 0.79 kilograms per person per day.
Projections indicate that this figure will increase by 73%, reaching
approximately 3.88 billion tonnes by 2050, largely due to the persistence of
human activities (World Bank, 2022).
Earlier assessments of dumpsite suitability mainly depended on
qualitative approaches that lacked precision and failed to capture urban
spatial complexities. In contrast, advancements in geospatial technologies
combined with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) now make it possible to
integrate spatial data with multiple factors, resulting in more accurate and
objective evaluations (Maimunatu Aboki et al., 2024). These techniques
allow for the simultaneous assessment of multiple factors, including proximity
to residential areas, groundwater vulnerability, topographical conditions, and
accessibility, thereby ensuring more comprehensive and reliable site
evaluations (Maimunatu Aboki et al., 2024).
Geographic Information System (GIS)
provides an accurate and cost-effective means of mapping, monitoring, and
analyzing changes in land use, soil cover, and contamination, making it a
valuable tool for environmental assessment. Over time, GIS has transformed
environmental management by integrating diverse data sources to evaluate
spatial variations in land use, air quality, and waste disposal activities with
greater precision and efficiency (Obiorah et al., 2025).
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
Improper management of large volumes of solid waste generated from
households, commercial activities, and industries poses significant threats to
both human health and the environment. Such mismanagement contributes to the
spread of diseases, provides breeding grounds for harmful vectors, increases
fire risks, causes pollution, degrades urban aesthetics, and results in
considerable economic losses (Maimunatu Aboki et al., 2024).
Also, it has been observed that many
residents in the study area resort to dumping waste in open spaces, drains, and
near residential areas. This unregulated waste disposal contributes to soil
contamination, potentially threatening human health, agricultural productivity,
and biodiversity.
Traditional methods of site selection
frequently neglect key spatial and environmental considerations, which often
results in inefficient and less sustainable outcomes (Gedefa B. et al.,
2023).
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.3.1 Aim:
This research aimed at assessing the
suitable site for solid waste disposal in Birnin kudu town using GIS
technology.
1.3.2 Objectives:
1.
To determine the land cover land use
classifications of the study area
2.
To develop an indexed based
suitability model for dumpsites
1.4 Research Questions
1.
What are the land cover land use of
the study area?
2.
How can an indexed based suitability
model be developed for identifying appropriate dumpsites locations in the study
area?
1.5 Scope and Limitations
The research is restricted on assessing the impact of solid waste
disposal in Birnin Kudu Town, the study is specifically utilizing GIS
techniques with the view of identifying, mapping, and identification of
suitable solid waste dumping site in Birnin kudu town.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study provides actionable guidance
for enhancing waste management, mitigating environmental risks, and fostering
sustainable urban development in Birnin kudu town and similar Nigerian cities,
offering valuable input for planners, policymakers, and public health
authorities at both national and global levels.
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