ABSTRACT
This project work is concerned with assessment to different
types of foundation and their mode of construction though looks like a
literature review but entails full information and chosen.
Foundation samples were limited to three different
locations within Ilorin metropolis. Terzaghi equation was used for determining
soil bearing capacity of the three cohesionless soil samples taken.
The result obtained from the calculation shows that the
soil in the three foundation Examined can resist any excessive settlement of
super-structure load without excessive settlement of shear and it shows a good
indication that the soil is good to be used as a sub grade or sub-base
materials for construction.
In general the soil material in those three foundation
posses similar characteristic.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objective of the Study 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Scope of the Study 2
1.4 Justification of the Study 2
1.5 Statement of the Problem 2
1.6 Methodology 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Foundation in General 4
2.1 Design Requirement 4
2.2 Foundation Bearing Capacity Analysis 5
2.2.1 Type of Bearing Capacity 5
2.2.2 Presumed Bearing Value Table (Bs 8004: 1986)
for
Preliminary
Design 5
2.3 Choice of Foundation 6
2.4 Factors Affecting the Choice of
Foundation 6
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology & Type of Foundation 8
3.0.1 Pile Foundation 8
3.0.2 Pile Categories 10
3.0.3 Classification of Pile According to their
Function 10
3.1 Classification of Pile According to their
Composition or Material of
Construction 11
3.2 Factor Influencing Choice of Pile 13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion 30
4.1 Foundation Requirement Strength and
Stability of Foundation 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion 37
5.1 Recommendation 38
References 39
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
One of the major needs of human being in life is
shelter to protect man and their properties from some nature hazards. Such
hazard may include rainfall, wind, snow, sun, e.t.c which may challenge the way
of standard living which man propose. One of the most critical agenda that
human being proposed about their wellbeing in the olden days is to have houses
inform of huts where they can live after which civilization exhausted the
mindset of human from staying in hut to a more conducive and mighty buildings.
The development of bricks and stone for the construction
of building necessitate the need for foundation, though the type of foundation
most appropriate for a given structure depend greatly on the type of soil, the
soil properties, soil condition and the type of building intended to be built
on it.
Foundation can thus be defined as the horizontal members
supporting the entire structure and transmitting the load of the structure to
the subsoil. Foundation in respect to soil may further be explained as the lowest
part of a building which is situated below the ground level and it is
satisfactorily design to transfer or permit load on it.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
AIM
The aim of this study is to determine a compactable
foundation type from a yielded soil bearing capacity to avoid settlement or
shrinkage.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
i.
To say when and
where each type of foundation in needed.
ii. To
broaden the structural engineering knowledge on which type of foundation suits
a certain structure so as to have a safe structure.
iii. To
give information on all the types of foundation to allow the building safe from
shrinkage or overturning.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
For this project it is intended to state the various
forms of foundation and how each type of the foundation discussed is being
constructed, and determination of bearing capacity for some soil sample.
Therefore the samples for testing were limited to three different locations in
Ilorin metropolis.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The need for Assessment to different types of
foundation and their mode of Construction is to provide adequate knowledge and
information for the builder, structural engineer, and even the site engineer,
as to which type of foundation will suits chosen site and mode of constructing
such type of foundation.
As we all know that every type of structure starts with
foundation and proper measure must be taken in order to achieve a firm
foundation as it is going to be explained in a project work.
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Civil Engineering design, foundation is a
necessary and it is the early stage of any building in construction, so special
attention should be given to it since it is meant to transmit the load of the
structure to the subsoil.
Although there are problem encountered in the
construction of some types of foundation among which are:
i. For
example in the construction of pile foundation the cast of machine and plant
needed cannot be afforded by everyone because it’s too cost there is also risk
in transporting the pre-cast pile to where it is needed and it may break or
wound worker if not properly handled.
ii. Some
type of foundation like cellular raft foundation and pile foundation requires
experts
iii. Some
area has a very loose soil properties and digging to hard stratum may be
difficult, take time and energy.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The assessment of foundation and its construction
involves a carefully examination, study and determination of the bearing
capacity of the soil on which the proposed building will be constructed and in most cases digging to a
hard stratum prove futile, all these should be put into consideration.
Because the failure or collapse of most of structure
starts from the foundation if not properly designed and constructed or if the
supposed type of foundation is not used or wrongly chosen for such structure,
for example in a place where pile foundation is used instead or in strip
foundation where the depth of the footing is expected to be 150mm and 70mm is
laid.
For cohesionless soil Terzaghi presented the bearing
capacity expression below for general share failure.
qu= gDfNq
+ 0.4gBNg for square footing and qu= CNc + gDfNq + 0.5gBNg
for Strip footing.
The Nc, Nq and Ng are general bearing capacity which depend on the
foundation depth, shape and roughness and the angle of internal friction.
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