ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to appraise dye and their degree of fastness on cotton fabric using Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida, Different cotton fabric were dyed and they were carefully accessed for beauty, appearance, colour fastness and general acceptability, which was evaluated by twenty panelist (ANOVA) Analysis of variance was used to determine significant difference at (P<0.05) probability level in the various samples. The leaves of Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida were collected, dried, grounded, and dye extracts obtained by solvent extraction and Baphia nitida using ethanol and water. The constituents from the leaves of Baphia nitida were extracted using ethanol and water as solvents. The color of the extract obtained from Aspilia Africana was light brown in colour while that of Baphia nitida was green in colour, Extracts were also collected from Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida using water. (aqueous extracts) and ethanol (organic extracts) Sample C1 emerged the best in beauty and also showed a little level of fastness when tested on fabric, Sample C2 the best in appearance and showed a high degree of fastness to sunlight, Sample C2 the best in appearance, SampleB2 appeared best in colour fastness and finally sample C1 was generally acceptable .Samples A1,A2,B1,B2, degree of fastness was low, compared to the control, Sample C1 showed a high degree of fastness to washing than other remaining samples while Sample C2 showed a high degree of fastness to sunlight. Based on the findings of this study, the researchers observed that other local mordants apart from salt and Alum can be used to retain fastness in natural plant dye like plantain trunk juice which is a good mordant than hydrous. The result of this study suggest the popular use of natural plants like Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida as dye and herbal medicine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
I
APPROVAL II
CERTIFICATION III
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
TABLE OF
CONTENTS VI-X
LIST OF
FIGURES Xi
LIST OF
TABLES Xii
ABSTRACT xii
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Research Question
5
1.5 Significance of the Study 5
1.6 Scope of the Study/Limitations 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Conceptual framework 7
2.1.1 Concept
of Dye 7
2.1.2 Concept
of Fastness 9
2.2 Brief
History of Aspilia africana 10
2.2.1 Species of Aspilia africana 11
2.2.2 Leaves and Flowers of Aspilia africana 11
2.2.3 Uses of Aspilia africana 13
2.2.4 Benefit of Aspilia africana 14
2.2.5
Elemental Composition of Aspilia africana 15
2.2.6 Common Names of Aspilia africana 15
2.3 Description of Baphia nitida 16
2.3.1 Agroforestry
uses 17
2.3.2
Propagation 18
2.3.3 Human
Uses 19
2.3.4
Scientific Classification 19
2.4
Theoretical Framework 20
2.4.1 Theory
of Dye 22
2.4.2
Fastness of Dye to Washing 22
2.4.3
Fastness of Dye to Light (Sunshine) 22
2.5 Cotton 23
2.5.1 Cotton finishes 24
2.6 Review of
Related Empirical Studies 25
2.7 Summary
of Reviewed Literature 27
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Area of Study 28
3.2 Research Design 28
3.3 Population for the Study 28
3.4 Sources of Material 29
3.5 Product for Analysis 29
3.6 Instrument for Data Analysis 30
3.6.1 Sample
Formulation ( Tie- dye Procedures) 30
3.7 Order of Experiment 32
3.7.1
Extraction of Dyes from Aspilia africana and Baphia nitida 32
3.7.2 Organic
Extraction 33
3.8 Test on Fabrics 33
3.9 Statistics Analysis 34
3.9.1 Extraction and Use 35
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Findings 37
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 41
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendation 42
Appendix 1 43
Appendix 2 44
Appendix 3 45
Appendix 4 46
Appendix 5 47
Appendix 6 48
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
Pictures of Aspilia africana 10
2.
Pictures of Aspilia africana during
collection 12
3.
Pictures
of Baphia nitida 16
4.
Pictures of Baphia nitida during
collection 17
5.
Pictures of dyed cotton fabrics using
Aspilia africana (organic extract) 48
6.
Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using
Aspilia africana (organic extract) 48
7.
Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using
Baphia nitida (Organic extract) 48
8.
Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using
pink vat dye 48
9.
Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using
orange vat dye 48
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Extraction and Use 46
Table 2: ANOVA Table for Statistical analysis 47
Table 3: ANOVA Table for the four parameters
evaluated 49
Table 4: Sample Interpretation 50
Table 5: Assessors mean scores for Beauty 51
Table 6: Assessors mean score for appearance 52
Table 7: Assessors mean score for colorfastness 53
Table 8: Assessors mean score for general acceptability 53
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Colorful
things are beautiful and attractive and combination of colours adds beauty to a
home, place, or thing and so dyeing offers beauty, and chance for self
expression. Dyeing is usually done in fabric in order to make it look
attractive and beautiful (Lewington 2007).Dyeing is a method of disposing
colour to fibre, yarn, fabric or garment. They are done using colouring agents
known as Dye (Wolfe 2009).
Dyeing is a method of disposing colour to
fibre, yarn, fabric or garment. They are done using colouring agents known as
Dye (Wolfe 2009).Dyes can be classified by their origin, Chemical composition,
application and the nature of the reaction necessary to produce colour. The
dyes are either natural or synthetic (Lyle and Brinkley, 2006). Dyes from
natural sources are gotten from bark, roots, leaves, flowers, insects and
animals, others are produced chemically. Dyes are applied according to what
kind of fabric is being used and what kind of result is desired (Gruden, 2007)
Aspilia
Africana is one of the many indigenous plants used by traditional practitions
in Nigeria to cure certain illness, it is known as orangila in Ibo, Tazalian in
Hausa, Yungung in Yoruba and Edemedong in Efik ( Single, 2006).It is a common
weed of field crops in West Africa found in Fallow land, especially in the
Forest Zone; it is a scrambling perennial herb varying in height from 60cm to
about 1.5m depending on the rainfall(Agyakwa and Akobundu, 2007). The flowers
are showy yellow florets and the fruits are bristly and minutely hairy with 4
angled schemes about 5mm long, there are several indigenous uses of the leaves
and flowers of the plant. The most notable being the use to stop bleeding and
fast, healing of wounds and in the production of natural dye (Schlesier,2008).
Aspilia
Africana belongs to the family composite. It is a semi woody herb from a
perennial stock up to 2m high. It occurs in wasteland Savannah forested zones
and occurs across tropical Africa (Dalziel, 2005). This study reveals the
Appraisal of dye extracted from lesser known plants Aspilia African and Baphia
nitida, it is of high economical medicinal importance due to its active roles
in dyeing, wound healing, treatment of rheumatic pains etc. The potentials of
the levels of the haemorrhage plant, Aspilia Africana as dye was evaluated
using extraction method, it’s distribution is south America Brazil and ecology
is non-marine(Iwu,2003).
Baphia
nitida occurs wild from Senegal to Gabon, it is often cultivated near villages
formerly as a dye wood especially in Sierraleone and Liberia, now more often as
an ornamental shade tree or as fence and hedge.(Morgan, 2006). The leaves of
this species are particularly variable in shape and size throughout its range. Baphia
nitida is a small tree or shrub up to 10m high which grows in rainforests in
Coastal regions, Secondary forests and abandoned farmlands. The wood is
commonly used to make red dye (Nwa Iwu, 2006).
The leaves of Baphia nitida are used in folk
medicines for the treatment of inflamed and infected Umbilical cords in Nigeria
(Salodoye, 2007).The new global interest in the search for dye from natural
sources has led to the investigation of many more Nigerian plants now than
previously (Okwute, 2008).Generally, consumers are interested in stability or
fastness of dye colours on fabric, this study determines the appraisal of dye
using lesser kown plants (Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida) and identifies
the potentials, status and factors that influence dyes.
The
variety of dyes is rivaled only by the variety of technologies, which have been
developed to produce impressive tie-dye designs (Pathade, 2009).An assessment
of the potential of dyes extracted from these plants will lead to the optimal
utilization of our natural plants that are wasted due to inefficient
preservation method and identification. This is a measure towards achieving
economic development in Nigeria (Bauchet, 2004).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
It
is observed that fading of clothes especially dyed ones is a problem common with
contemporary fabrics. Looking at some coloured fabrics sold in the market,
looking attractive and colourful but after a while they tend to fade, and at a
point they no longer look attractive like when they were first bought, this is
as a result of the type and quality of the dye used on the fabric (Nwaiwu,
2006).
Some
of the dyes used on clothes do not possess colorfastness and these leads to the
clothes fading earlier than normal, the continuity of these dyes that do not
have good colorfastness on fabrics results to poor yield in the economy as
people would prefer going for designers or foreign wears that are not dyed than
going for the dyed fabrics (Maryann, 2015).
People
no longer want to go into production of dyes especially the dyes from natural
plants and they are not interested in using dyes to make beautiful colourful
dresses, reason being that it is stressful, time-consuming and it is not highly
profitable, that is why we have few dye companies in Nigeria who produce good
and quality dyes (Berkley, 2005).Due to the problems identified, Extraction of
good quality dyes from plants like Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida to be
used to dye cloth is worth carrying out, so that producers can be able to use
good quality dyes on fabrics.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY
The
main objective of the study is to access dyes extracted from lesser known
plants Aspilia africana and Baphia nitida.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Specifically,
the study will focus on assessing dyes and their degree of fastness on cotton
fabric using lesser known plants Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida and also
to;
1) Assess
the degree of fastness of Aspilia Africana to vat dye
2) Assess
the degree of fastness of Baphia nitida to
vat dye
3) Determine
the differences in beauty, appearance, color fastness and general acceptability
of cotton fabric dyed with Aspilia africana.
4) Determine
the differences in beauty, appearance, colour fastness and general
acceptability of cotton fabric dyed with Baphia nitida.
5) Determine
the degree of fastness of natural plants dyes using local mordant on cotton
fabric
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1) How
can dye extracted from Aspilia africana be used for dyeing?
2) How
can dye extracted from Baphia nitida be used for dyeing?
3) What
is the degree of fastness of fabric dyed with Aspilia africana to that of the
vat dye?
4) What
is the degree of fastness of fabric dyed with Baphia nitida to that of vat dye?
5) How
is the degree of fastness of natural plants dyes to local mordant on cotton fabric?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In
Nigeria today, a lot of problems are encountered in the aspect of producing
good quality clothes that are dyed and so the result of this finding will be of
benefit to Dye and textile industry, individuals who are interested in dyeing,
Home Economics students who are in line with this research work, undergraduates
of textile and printing department and home makers. Industries will use it to
obtain more shades of color from plants because it is cheaper and economical.
This research work would serve as a guide to home economics students who are in
line with dye production, job opportunities will be created for those who has
the knowledge in dyeing.
During
dye production the waste are disposed to streams and rivers and this tends to
be harmful not only to living organisms in these streams but also detrimental
for human consumption and so the use of natural plant dye is a good one because the waste are not harmful or
toxic when they are being relinquished to streams and rivers. The increase in
utilization of natural plan dye will help to promote the growth of local
textile industries, thus reducing the importation of synthetic dyes which are
sometimes harmful and help increase the economic situation of the country.
1.6 Scope
of the Study/Limitations
This
research work on the appraisal of dyes and their degree of fastness on fabric
was done in Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture Umuahia, the capital of
Abia state. The scope of this study is limited to dyeing 100% cotton fabric by
hand dyeing method(Tie-dyeing) with dye
extracted from lesser known plants Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida.
Information and research work on natural plants were not extensively done.
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