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APPRAISAL OF DYES AND THEIR DEGREE OF FASTNESS ON COTTON FABRIC USING LESSER KNOWN PLANTS ASPILIA AFRICANA AND BAPHIA NITIDA (LEAVES)

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Product Code: 00009520

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to appraise dye and their degree of fastness on cotton fabric using Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida, Different cotton fabric were dyed and they were carefully accessed for beauty, appearance, colour fastness and general acceptability, which was evaluated by twenty panelist (ANOVA) Analysis of variance was used to determine significant difference at (P<0.05) probability level in the various samples. The leaves of Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida were collected, dried, grounded, and dye extracts obtained by solvent extraction and Baphia nitida using ethanol and water. The constituents from the leaves of Baphia nitida were extracted using ethanol and water as solvents. The color of the extract obtained from Aspilia Africana was light brown in colour while that of Baphia nitida was green in colour, Extracts were also collected from Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida using water. (aqueous extracts) and ethanol (organic extracts) Sample C1 emerged the best in beauty and also showed a little level of fastness when tested on fabric, Sample C2 the best in appearance  and showed a high degree of  fastness to sunlight, Sample  C2 the best in appearance, SampleB2 appeared best in colour fastness and finally sample C1 was generally acceptable .Samples A1,A2,B1,B2, degree of fastness was low, compared to the control, Sample C1 showed a high degree of fastness to washing than other remaining samples while Sample C2 showed a high degree of fastness to sunlight. Based on the findings of this study, the researchers observed that other local mordants apart from salt and Alum can be used to retain fastness in natural plant dye like plantain trunk juice which is a good mordant than hydrous. The result of this study suggest the popular use of natural plants like Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida as dye and herbal medicine. 





TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

TITLE PAGE                                                                                      I       

APPROVAL                                                                                          II

CERTIFICATION                                                                                  III

DEDICATION                                                                                       IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                                     V

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                               VI-X

LIST OF FIGURES                                                                               Xi

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                 Xii

ABSTRACT                                                                                          xii

 

CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study                                                           1

1.2    Statement of Problem                                                                 3

1.3    Objectives of the Study                                                              4           

1.4   Research Question                                                                     5

1.5    Significance of the Study                                                            5            

1.6    Scope of the Study/Limitations                                                 6

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual framework                                                                  7

2.1.1 Concept of Dye                                                                           7

2.1.2 Concept of Fastness                                                                   9

2.2 Brief History of Aspilia africana                                                    10 

2.2.1 Species of Aspilia africana                                                         11

2.2.2 Leaves and Flowers of Aspilia africana                                      11

2.2.3 Uses of Aspilia africana                                                             13

2.2.4 Benefit of Aspilia africana                                                          14

2.2.5 Elemental Composition of Aspilia africana                                    15    

2.2.6 Common Names of Aspilia africana                                          15

2.3    Description of Baphia nitida                                                      16

2.3.1 Agroforestry uses                                                                       17

2.3.2 Propagation                                                                                18

2.3.3 Human Uses                                                                              19

2.3.4 Scientific Classification                                                              19

2.4 Theoretical Framework                                                                  20

2.4.1 Theory of Dye                                                                             22

2.4.2 Fastness of Dye to Washing                                                       22

2.4.3 Fastness of Dye to Light (Sunshine)                                          22

2.5 Cotton                                                                                           23

2.5.1 Cotton finishes                                                                           24

2.6 Review of Related Empirical Studies                                             25

2.7 Summary of Reviewed Literature                                                  27                                                                   

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1    Area of Study                                                                             28

3.2    Research Design                                                                        28

3.3    Population for the Study                                                            28

3.4   Sources of Material                                                                     29

3.5  Product for Analysis                                                                     29

3.6    Instrument for Data Analysis                                                     30

3.6.1 Sample Formulation ( Tie- dye Procedures)                               30

3.7    Order of Experiment                                                                   32

3.7.1 Extraction of Dyes from Aspilia africana and Baphia nitida     32

3.7.2 Organic Extraction                                                           33

3.8    Test on Fabrics                                                                           33

3.9    Statistics Analysis                                                                      34

3.9.1 Extraction and Use                                                                    35

 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Findings                                                                                        37

 

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1    Summary                                                                                    41

5.2    Conclusion                                                                                 41

5.3    Recommendation                                                                       42

Appendix   1                                                                                        43

Appendix  2                                                                                         44

Appendix  3                                                                                         45

Appendix  4                                                                                         46

Appendix  5                                                                                         47

Appendix  6                                                                                         48

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

1.        Pictures of Aspilia africana                                              10

2.        Pictures of Aspilia africana during collection                   12

3.        Pictures  of Baphia nitida                                                 16

4.        Pictures of Baphia nitida during collection                      17

5.        Pictures of dyed cotton fabrics using Aspilia africana (organic extract)    48

6.        Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using Aspilia africana (organic extract)    48

7.        Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using Baphia nitida (Organic extract) 48           

8.        Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using pink vat dye                 48

9.        Pictures of dyed cotton fabric using orange vat dye           48

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLE

 

Table 1:     Extraction and Use                                                           46

Table 2:     ANOVA Table for Statistical analysis                                47

Table 3:     ANOVA Table for the four parameters evaluated            49

Table 4:     Sample Interpretation                                                       50

Table 5:     Assessors mean scores for Beauty                           51

Table 6:     Assessors mean score for appearance                               52

Table 7:    Assessors mean score for colorfastness                             53

Table 8:    Assessors mean score for general acceptability                53

 

 

 


 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Colorful things are beautiful and attractive and combination of colours adds beauty to a home, place, or thing and so dyeing offers beauty, and chance for self expression. Dyeing is usually done in fabric in order to make it look attractive and beautiful (Lewington 2007).Dyeing is a method of disposing colour to fibre, yarn, fabric or garment. They are done using colouring agents known as Dye (Wolfe 2009).

 Dyeing is a method of disposing colour to fibre, yarn, fabric or garment. They are done using colouring agents known as Dye (Wolfe 2009).Dyes can be classified by their origin, Chemical composition, application and the nature of the reaction necessary to produce colour. The dyes are either natural or synthetic (Lyle and Brinkley, 2006). Dyes from natural sources are gotten from bark, roots, leaves, flowers, insects and animals, others are produced chemically. Dyes are applied according to what kind of fabric is being used and what kind of result is desired (Gruden, 2007)

Aspilia Africana is one of the many indigenous plants used by traditional practitions in Nigeria to cure certain illness, it is known as orangila in Ibo, Tazalian in Hausa, Yungung in Yoruba and Edemedong in Efik ( Single, 2006).It is a common weed of field crops in West Africa found in Fallow land, especially in the Forest Zone; it is a scrambling perennial herb varying in height from 60cm to about 1.5m depending on the rainfall(Agyakwa and Akobundu, 2007). The flowers are showy yellow florets and the fruits are bristly and minutely hairy with 4 angled schemes about 5mm long, there are several indigenous uses of the leaves and flowers of the plant. The most notable being the use to stop bleeding and fast, healing of wounds and in the production of natural dye (Schlesier,2008).

Aspilia Africana belongs to the family composite. It is a semi woody herb from a perennial stock up to 2m high. It occurs in wasteland Savannah forested zones and occurs across tropical Africa (Dalziel, 2005). This study reveals the Appraisal of dye extracted from lesser known plants Aspilia African and Baphia nitida, it is of high economical medicinal importance due to its active roles in dyeing, wound healing, treatment of rheumatic pains etc. The potentials of the levels of the haemorrhage plant, Aspilia Africana as dye was evaluated using extraction method, it’s distribution is south America Brazil and ecology is non-marine(Iwu,2003).

Baphia nitida occurs wild from Senegal to Gabon, it is often cultivated near villages formerly as a dye wood especially in Sierraleone and Liberia, now more often as an ornamental shade tree or as fence and hedge.(Morgan, 2006). The leaves of this species are particularly variable in shape and size throughout its range. Baphia nitida is a small tree or shrub up to 10m high which grows in rainforests in Coastal regions, Secondary forests and abandoned farmlands. The wood is commonly used to make red dye (Nwa Iwu, 2006).

 The leaves of Baphia nitida are used in folk medicines for the treatment of inflamed and infected Umbilical cords in Nigeria (Salodoye, 2007).The new global interest in the search for dye from natural sources has led to the investigation of many more Nigerian plants now than previously (Okwute, 2008).Generally, consumers are interested in stability or fastness of dye colours on fabric, this study determines the appraisal of dye using lesser kown plants (Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida) and identifies the potentials, status and factors that influence dyes.

The variety of dyes is rivaled only by the variety of technologies, which have been developed to produce impressive tie-dye designs (Pathade, 2009).An assessment of the potential of dyes extracted from these plants will lead to the optimal utilization of our natural plants that are wasted due to inefficient preservation method and identification. This is a measure towards achieving economic development in Nigeria (Bauchet, 2004).

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

It is observed that fading of clothes especially dyed ones is a problem common with contemporary fabrics. Looking at some coloured fabrics sold in the market, looking attractive and colourful but after a while they tend to fade, and at a point they no longer look attractive like when they were first bought, this is as a result of the type and quality of the dye used on the fabric (Nwaiwu, 2006).

Some of the dyes used on clothes do not possess colorfastness and these leads to the clothes fading earlier than normal, the continuity of these dyes that do not have good colorfastness on fabrics results to poor yield in the economy as people would prefer going for designers or foreign wears that are not dyed than going for the dyed fabrics (Maryann, 2015).

People no longer want to go into production of dyes especially the dyes from natural plants and they are not interested in using dyes to make beautiful colourful dresses, reason being that it is stressful, time-consuming and it is not highly profitable, that is why we have few dye companies in Nigeria who produce good and quality dyes (Berkley, 2005).Due to the problems identified, Extraction of good quality dyes from plants like Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida to be used to dye cloth is worth carrying out, so that producers can be able to use good quality dyes on fabrics.  

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to access dyes extracted from lesser known plants Aspilia africana and Baphia nitida.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

Specifically, the study will focus on assessing dyes and their degree of fastness on cotton fabric using lesser known plants Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida and also to;

1)    Assess the degree of fastness of Aspilia Africana to vat dye

2)    Assess the degree of fastness of  Baphia nitida to vat dye

3)    Determine the differences in beauty, appearance, color fastness and general acceptability of cotton fabric dyed with Aspilia africana.

4)    Determine the differences in beauty, appearance, colour fastness and general acceptability of cotton fabric dyed with Baphia nitida.

5)    Determine the degree of fastness of natural plants dyes using local mordant on cotton fabric

 

1.4        RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1)    How can dye extracted from Aspilia africana be used for dyeing?

2)    How can dye extracted from Baphia nitida be used for dyeing?

3)    What is the degree of fastness of fabric dyed with Aspilia africana to that of the vat dye?

4)    What is the degree of fastness of fabric dyed with Baphia nitida to that of vat dye?

5)    How is the degree of fastness of natural plants dyes to local mordant on cotton fabric?

 

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  

In Nigeria today, a lot of problems are encountered in the aspect of producing good quality clothes that are dyed and so the result of this finding will be of benefit to Dye and textile industry, individuals who are interested in dyeing, Home Economics students who are in line with this research work, undergraduates of textile and printing department and home makers. Industries will use it to obtain more shades of color from plants because it is cheaper and economical. This research work would serve as a guide to home economics students who are in line with dye production, job opportunities will be created for those who has the knowledge in dyeing.

During dye production the waste are disposed to streams and rivers and this tends to be harmful not only to living organisms in these streams but also detrimental for human consumption and so the use of natural plant dye is a good  one because the waste are not harmful or toxic when they are being relinquished to streams and rivers. The increase in utilization of natural plan dye will help to promote the growth of local textile industries, thus reducing the importation of synthetic dyes which are sometimes harmful and help increase the economic situation of the country.

 

1.6     Scope of the Study/Limitations

This research work on the appraisal of dyes and their degree of fastness on fabric was done in Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture Umuahia, the capital of Abia state. The scope of this study is limited to dyeing 100% cotton fabric by hand dyeing  method(Tie-dyeing) with dye extracted from lesser known plants Aspilia Africana and Baphia nitida. Information and research work on natural plants were not extensively done.

 

 

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